1. Jennifer Donovan - Warren Mott Ryan Gohlke - Sterling Heights

2. To prove whether the unknown metal rods were Zinc by measuring the specific heat and linear thermal expansion, and comparing it to Zinc’s known values. Donovan - Gohlke2

3. Specific Heat – the heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a given substance of a given amount by one degree Linear Thermal Expansion – the change in linear dimension, length Intensive properties Donovan - Gohlke3

4. First Law of Thermodynamics – Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only changed Isolated System – system that releases neither energy nor matter example: Calorimeter Kinetic Molecular Theory – Observed when an object is heated up Donovan - Gohlke4

5. Initially discovered through ores 1374 - eighth metal known to man in that point in time 1743 - first European Zinc smelter used a vertical retort procedure Zinc production in the United States started in 1850 Today, U.S. and Canada are leading producers of Zinc Donovan - Gohlke5

6. Heating Zinc Sulfide, ZnS, concentrate to 950°C Produces Zinc Oxide, ZnO Purer state with process called electrowinning converting into Zinc Sulfate, ZnSO 4 Separated through electrolysis containing Zinc ions, Zn ZnS(s) + 3 O 2 (g) → 2 ZnO(s) + 2 SO 2 (g) ZnO(s) + H 2 SO4(l) → ZnSO4(s) + H2O(l) 2 ZnSO 4 (s) + 2 H 2 O(l) → 2 Zn(s) + 2 H 2 SO 4 (l) + O 2 (g) Donovan - Gohlke6

7. Symbol: Zn Atomic number: 30 Atomic weight: 65.38 Standard state: solid at 298 K Electron Structure Donovan - Gohlke7 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10

8. Air-batteries Brass Countertops Deodorants Healing wounds and sore eyes Paints Produced in the U.S. one cent penny Chocolate and cocoa powder Donovan - Gohlke8

9. Important quality in the food industry because it determines the amount of energy that must be supplied or withdrawn from a material in order to increase or decrease its temperature by a given amount Donovan - Gohlke9

10. Gaining knowledge of fluctuating temperatures do not cause the roads and structures to crumble from being expanded easily Donovan - Gohlke10

11. Zinc will equal unknown metal if the average is less than 5% error Specific heat of 0.39 (J/g*°C) Linear thermal expansion coefficient of 3.02 × 10 -5 °C -1 Donovan - Gohlke11

12. Donovan - Gohlke12 Electronic Thermometer Known/ Unknown Metal Rods Calorimeters Temperature Probe Logger Pro

13. Donovan - Gohlke13

14. TrialsRod Initial Temperature (°C) Equilibrium Temperature (°C) Change in Temperature (°C) Mass (g) Specific Heat (J/g*°C) WaterMetal WaterMetal Water Average N/A 20.498.923.4 3.0-75.5 28.165.0 0.385 Donovan - Gohlke14

15. TrialsRod Initial Temperature (°C) Equilibrium Temperature (°C) Change in Temperature (°C) Mass(g) Specific Heat (J/g*°C) WaterMetal WaterMetal Water Average N/A23.099.2 30.27.2-69.0 72.9865.0 0.389 Donovan - Gohlke15

16. Zinc Experimental Value Percent Error Average0.385-1.37 Donovan - Gohlke16 Unknown Experimental Value Percent Error Average0.389-0.21

17. Two-Sample t-test H 0 : µ z = µ u H a : µ z ≠ µ u Donovan - Gohlke17 Fail to reject H 0 P-value 0.4001 is greater than the alpha level of 0.10 Evidence the two metals could be the same 40.01% chance of having Zinc

18. Donovan - Gohlke18 LTE Jig with Dial Measuring 0.01 mm Known/Unknown Metal Rods Caliper

19. Donovan - Gohlke19

20. TrialsRod Final Length (mm) Initial Length (mm) Net. Change in Length (mm) Final Temp. (°C) Initial Temp. (°C) Change in Temp. (°C) Alpha Coefficient (°C -1 ) Average N/A129.55129.390.1624.998.9-74.01.691E-05 Donovan - Gohlke20

21. Donovan - Gohlke21 TrialsRod Final Length (mm) Initial Length (mm) Net. Change in Length (mm) Final Temp. (°C) Initial Temp. (°C) Change in Temp. (°C) Alpha Coefficient (°C -1 ) AverageN/A 132.28132.140.1423.698.8-75.21.409E-05

22. Donovan - Gohlke22 Zinc Experimental Value 10 -5 °C -1 Percent Error Average 1.69-44.01 Unknown Experimental Value 10 -5 °C -1 Percent Error Average1.41-53.36

23. Reject H 0 p-value of 0.0000 is less than the alpha level of 0.10 Evidence the two metals are not the same 0% chance the two metals are the same Donovan - Gohlke23 Two-sample t-test H 0 : µ z = µ u H a : µ z ≠ µ u

24. Reject hypothesis Specific Heat: Zinc: -1.37% Unknown: -0.21% Linear Thermal Expansion: Zinc: -44.01% Unknown: -53.36% Donovan - Gohlke24

25. Temperature of water in calorimeters was not constant Heat was lost when the metal was transferred from the boiling water to the calorimeter When the metal was transferred from the boiling water to the linear thermal expansion jig, the metal rod would shrink in a fractional length before being placed in the jig. Donovan - Gohlke25

26. Time Assumption that the heat of the metal was the same as the heat of the water Donovan - Gohlke26

27. Density Melting point Conductivity Donovan - Gohlke27

28. Special thanks to Mr. Koburg Thank you to the upper classmen Thanks to Mrs. Hilliard, Mrs. Dewey, and Mr. Supal 28Donovan - Gohlke

29. ACS. "American Chemical Society - The World's Largest Scientific Society." American Chemical Society - The World's Largest Scientific Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 May 2013.. Boston University. "Temperature and Thermal Expansion." Temperature and Thermal Expansion. Web. 19 May 2012.. De Leon, N. "Specific Heat." Specific Heat. Tracklit. Web. 19 May 2012.. Engineering Toolbox, "Metals - Specific Heats." Metals - Specific Heats. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2013.. Fine Ceramics World. "Thermal - Thermal Expansion | Characteristics of Fine Ceramics | FINE CERAMICS WORLD - All About Advanced Ceramics." Thermal - Thermal Expansion | Characteristics of Fine Ceramics | FINE CERAMICS WORLD - All About Advanced Ceramics -. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.. "Flame Tests." About.com Chemistry. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2013.. Florissant Valley. "Specific Heat." Specific Heat. Florissant Valley. Web. 19 May 2012.. Haghshenas, Darvishi D. F. EXTRACTION OF ZN, MN AND CO FROM ZN MN-CO-CD-NI CONTAINING SOLUTION USING D2EHPA, CYANEX® 272 AND CYANEX® 302. 2nd ed. Vol. 24. New York: IJE Transactions B: Applications, 2011. Print. Ser. 2. Donovan - Gohlke29

30. International Zinc Association, "History of Zinc." Zinc History. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2013.. Kwanga. "Chemistry Lab: Specific Heat of a Metal." Chemistry Lab. Web.. St. Louis Community College. "Coefficient of Thermal Linear Expansion." 23 Sept. 1997. Florissant Valley. 7 Apr. 2013. Tipler, Paul A. "Thermal Expansion Equations and Formulas Calculator." Thermal Expansion Equations Formulas Calculator. Worth Publisher. Web. 19 May 2012.. TMB. "TMB Plumbing Engineer - Features: November 2006: Thermal Expansion." TMB. Plumbing Engineer. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. Toolbox. "Thermal Expansion - Linear." Thermal Expansion - Linear. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.. USEPA, "Primary Metals." Zinc Processing. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2013.. Donovan - Gohlke30

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