1. © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Post-colonial or neo-colonial (mostly 19 th C) economic geographies of Spanish Latin America – continued  Sugar in Cuba  Industrial minerals Agriculture and rural development  Characteristics of small holders  Land (or agrarian) reform

2. © T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME- Questions? Post-colonial or neo-colonial (mostly 19 th C) economic geographies of Spanish Latin America  Temperate zone agriculture  Argentine pampas  Bananas in C America  Coffee in Brazil & C America

3. © T. M. Whitmore SugarSugar in Cuba Ideal local agroecological conditions Near huge USA market Sugar present but not well developed under Spanish USA acquired Cuba in 1898 as result of Spanish American war USA corporations (agribusiness) set up huge sugar plantations, mills, railroads

4. © T. M. Whitmore Sugar in Cuba Results Vast increase in output  50% of all land in sugar by 1930  Labor demand => increase in immigration  Investment in early yellow fever and malaria eradication  USA control of Cuban economy set stage for Castro in 1959 Ongoing reliance on sugar diminisheddiminished

7. © T. M. Whitmore Industrial Minerals Chilean nitrates & phosphates Chilean Bolivian Tin Bolivian Copper, lead, zinc in PeruPeru Oil in Mexico and VenezuelaMexico

8. nitrates

9. Tin

10. copper

12. Oil & gas

13. © T. M. Whitmore Generalizations about 19th C neo-colonial development Few jobs except for small-holder coffee Profit to few (mostly foreign or local elites) Foreign control of development, infrastructure, capital investment, and expertise Development geographically isolated Few economic multipliers At the mercy of international prices Foreign control Nationalization

14. © T. M. Whitmore Geographic Impact of the colonial and neo-colonial extractive economy Geographic isolation of some development Much development focused on the main, often primate, usually old colonial center city — often called the core “Rachet-effect” of development in the core city Patterns persist, albiet changed

15. © T. M. Whitmore Contemporary agricultural & rural development: 5 important Issues Today:  Characteristics of small holders  Land reform Tuesday  Role of Technology  Productivity paradox  Internal colonization

16. © T. M. Whitmore Agricultural and Rural Development I: Small Holder Agriculture Poverty Field fragmentation Risk averse Polyculture Intraspecies diversity Role of off-farm income

17. © T. M. Whitmore Agricultural and Rural Development II: Land reform Goals of land reform  Improved social equity  Productivity increases  Political goals Types of land reform  Re-distributive type Re-distributive  Collectivist type Collectivist  Mixed type Mixed  Contemporary “grass roots” types Contemporary

18. © T. M. Whitmore Re-distributive land reform: Bolivia example Pre-reform agriculture in 1950 Revolution in 1952/3 => Results of Bolivian land reform New impetus for land reform by current govt.

19. © T. M. Whitmore Collectivist land reform: Cuba example 1959 and after pre-reform 1959 1959 revolution => Results of Cuban land reform

20. © T. M. Whitmore Mixed land reform: Mexico example 1910-21 revolution Pre-reform in 1910 Post-revolution: 1921 — 1980s  Ejido system  Most haciendas expropriated and all or parts redistributed  Wealthy hacienda owner got to keep some lands  Some ex-hacienda lands were set up as undivided collective farms Results of Mexican land reform

21. Río Fuerte

24. © T. M. Whitmore Contemporary land reform O Movimento dos Sem Terra (The Movement of Rural Landless workers) or the MST in Brazil

25. © Wendy Woford

27. Mid 1990s

28. Soy in S America

29. A New Society: Egalitarian and Socialist © Wendy Woford

30. MST Activists © Wendy Woford

31. Marcelo and Iara © Wendy Woford

42. Campos Settlement, SC © Wendy Woford

43. A settler’s land, Campos, SC © Wendy Woford

44. Ourives Settlement © Wendy Woford

47. Without Running Water: Ourives © Wendy Woford

54. © T. M. Whitmore Effective Methods: MST from 1985 to 2000 2 million members On 4,000 settlements In 22 states 230,000 occupations