2. Tutorial: Mechanic – electrician Topic: Electronics II. class Operational Amplifiers - Basics Prepared by: Ing. Jaroslav Bernkopf AVOP-ELEKTRO-Ber-001 Projekt Anglicky v odborných předmětech, CZ.1.07/1.3.09/04.0002 je spolufinancován Evropským sociálním fondem a státním rozpočtem České republiky.

3. 2 Definition: An operational amplifier (OA) is an integrated circuit that amplifies small voltage signals. It contains many transistors:

4. 3 Description: An operational amplifier has two inputs of opposite polarity amplifies only the voltage difference between the two inputs doesn‘t amplify the particular voltages on the inputs has a single output

5. 4 Description: An operational amplifier has a very high voltage gain Av a very high input resistance Ri a very low input current I i a very low output resistance Ro

6. 5 An ideal OA would have:A real OA has: Infinite voltage gain AvHigh voltage gain Av, e.g. 10 6 Infinite input resistance RiHigh input resistance Ri, e.g. 1 MΩ Zero input current IiLow input current Ii, e.g. 1 nA Zero output resistance RoLow output resistance Ro, e.g. 50 Ω We want the OAs to be as good as possible: We want them to be ideal. Real OAs are so good that usually we can assume our real OA to be ideal.

7. 6 If the voltage gain Av is infinite, then with the smallest possible voltage Vi between the inputs the output voltage Vo must be infinite too: Vi * Av = Vo 0.001 V * ∞ = ∞ V 0.0001 V * ∞ = ∞ V 0.00001 V * ∞ = ∞ V 0.000001 V * ∞ = ∞ V 0.0000001 V * ∞ = ∞ V and so on. But an infinite voltage on the output would be terribly dangerous, and unusable! Is it really infinite? No, it isn‘t. Why?

8. 7 Why isn‘t the output voltage infinite? There are two good reasons: 1)An infinite voltage simply is not physically possible. 2)The negative feedback works for us. We will explain this in the following slides.

9. 8 Why can‘t the output voltage be infinite? Your OA can‘t give you more than it gets from you. And what does it get from you? It gets the supply voltage of let‘s say +15V and -15V. That‘s why it can‘t give you more than +15V or less than -15V. The output voltage can‘t exceed +15V or -15V.

10. 9 If there is a „reasonable“ voltage on the output, let‘s say 3 V like in the picture, the only possible explanation is: The voltage Vi between the inputs must be zero!

11. 10 What forces the OA to behave so „reasonably“? The negative feedback always sets the output voltage to such a value that the voltage between the inputs is zero. This knowledge will help us solve all OA-based circuits in this course.

12. 11 Example: There is a voltage +5.001 V on the V+ input, and +5.000 V on the V- input. The operational amplifier amplifies the differential voltage 0.001 V and ignores the „common“ voltage 5 V.

13. 12 Question: What is the polarity of the output voltage?

14. 13 Answer: The output voltage is positive, because the V+ input is more positive than the other.

15. 14 Question: What is the output voltage?

16. 15 Answer: The voltage gain is infinite, there is no negative feedback. The OA tries to produce an infinite positive voltage on its output. But it can‘t produce more than +15V. The output voltage is close to +15V.

17. 16 Operational Amplifiers: Applets http://www.chem.uoa.gr/applets/AppletOpAmps/Appl_OpAmps2.html

18. 17 PropertyIdeal OAReal OA Voltage gain Av∞ 10 6 10 12V 1MΩ 1nA 1kΩ Input resistance Ri∞Ω 10 6 10 12V 1MΩ 1nA 0.0Ω Output resistance Ro∞Ω 10 6 10 12V 50Ω 1nA 0.0Ω Input current Ii∞A 10 6 10 12V 50Ω 1nA 0.0nA Test: What can be true? Circle the correct answers!

19.  http://www.wikipedia.com http://www.wikipedia.com  http://www.thefreedictionary.com http://www.thefreedictionary.com  Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost, ESF 2007 – 2013.  Link: http://www.msmt.cz/eu/provadeci-dokument-k-op-vzdelavani-pro- konkurenceschopnosthttp://www.msmt.cz/eu/provadeci-dokument-k-op-vzdelavani-pro- konkurenceschopnost  Technical Information - National Semiconductor LM741CN Datasheet