1. Chapter 8 Earth Systems and Resources

2. Creation of the Earth Earth’s resources are finite and were determined when the planet formed

3. Core - the innermost zone of the planet made of nickel and iron Mantle - above the core, contains magma Crust - the outermost layer of the planet The Earth’s Layers

4. Asthenosphere - the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock Lithosphere - the brittle outermost layer of the planet that is approximately 100 km thick The Earth’s Layers

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6. The Earth is very hot at the center (7,000 – 12,000 ⁰ F) Plumes of hot magma move upward from the mantle (convection currents) Hotspots - places where molten material from the mantle reach the lithosphere Convection and Hot Spots

7. Creation of the Earth http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=QDqskltCixAhttp://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=QDqskltCixA

8. Plate tectonics - Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion Theory of Plate Tectonics

9. “Look at a globe and what you are seeing really is a snapshot of the continents as they have been for just one-tenth of 1 percent of the Earth’s history.” - Bill Bryson Theory of Plate Tectonics

11. Volcanoes - as a plate moves over a hot spot, rising magma forms a volcano Consequences of Plate Movement

12. Divergent plate boundaries - when plates move apart from one another Convergent plate boundaries - when plates move toward one another and collide Transform fault boundaries - when plates move sideways past each other Types of Plate Contact

13. http://www.youtube.co m/watch?feature=ends creen&v=ryrXAGY1dm E&NR=1http://www.youtube.co m/watch?feature=ends creen&v=ryrXAGY1dm E&NR=1 Plate Tectonics

14. Faults - a fracture in rock across which there is movement Earthquakes - occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault Faults and Earthquakes

15. Fault zone - large area of rock where movement has occurred Epicenter - the exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures Richter scale - a measure of the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake –The scale is logarithmic –An earthquake of 7 is 10 times greater than an earthquake of 6 Faults and Earthquakes

16. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/ earthquakes/map/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/ earthquakes/map/ Earthquakes

17. Rock cycle - the constant formation and destruction of rock The Rock Cycle

18. Igneous rocks - rocks that form directly from cooled magma Intrusive igneous - form from within Earth as magma cools Extrusive igneous - from when magma cools above Earth (ex: a volcano that ejects magma) Sedimentary rocks - form when sediment such as mud, sand, or gravel are compressed by overlying sediments Metamorphic rocks - form when sedimentary, igneous, or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures The Rock Cycle