1. Warm Up List the three types of volcanoes.
What effects magma’s viscosity?
Describe low viscous magma. High viscous magma.
Which volcano produces the most violent eruptions?
Which volcano has a short life span?
What are convection currents and where do they occur?
Where to plate tectonics take place?
**Did you finish your VOLCANO homework??*
**Set up NEW cornell notes on the next page! Write your objective and LEQ!!**

2. Earthquakes!
Objective: SWBAT describe the anatomy of an earthquake and relate to different types of plate boundaries.
LEQ: How do the different aspects of an earthquake determine its severity?
Anatomy: structural makeup especially of an organism or any of its parts

3. Unit 3: Table of Contents (1st & 3rd)
Left Side Items
Page
Right Side Items
Convection Article 20
Layers of Earth/Convection Currents CN 21
Layers of Earth Foldable
Plate Tectonics CN 23
Graham Cracker Lab 22
Volcano CN 25
Plate Boundaries Card Sort
Earthquake Anatomy CN 27
Volcano Stations 24
Earthquake Waves CN 29
Volcano Worksheet
Earthquake Presentation 26
Waves Mission Mastery 28

4. Unit 3: GEMS of Wisdom (1st & 3rd)
Avid Strategy
Page W I C O R
Convection Article 22
Layers of the Earth Foldable
Graham Cracker Lab 24
Plate Boundaries Card Sort
Volcano Stations 26
Volcano Worksheet
Earthquake Presentation 28
Waves Mission Mastery 30

5. Unit 3: Table of Contents (2nd)
Left Side Items
Page
Right Side Items
Convection Article 22
Layers of Earth/Convection Currents CN 23
Layers of Earth Foldable
Plate Tectonics CN 25
Graham Cracker Lab 24
Volcano CN 27
Plate Boundaries Card Sort
Earthquake Anatomy CN 29
Volcano Stations 26
Earthquake Waves CN 31
Volcano Worksheet
Earthquake Presentation 28
Waves Mission Mastery 30

6. Unit 3: GEMS of Wisdom (2nd)
Avid Strategy
Page W I C O R
Convection Article 22
Layers of the Earth Foldable
Graham Cracker Lab 24
Plate Boundaries Card Sort
Volcano Stations 26
Volcano Worksheet
Earthquake Presentation 28
Waves Mission Mastery 30

7. Agenda Warm-up Objective & LEQ Activating Strategy Notes
Group research
Class presentations
HW: Study for Friday’s quiz

8. Activating Strategy
Imagine that you have just received news that Charlotte is preparing for an earthquake. If you had to prepare an emergency kit, what would you include? (Use complete sentences!)
Prepare for binder check
Get out volcano half-sheet to be collected

9. Follow-up: Did you think of these things?
First aid kit and instruction booklet
Plastic tarp or a small tent
Emergency ("space") blankets and one sleeping bag for each family member 
At least one gallon of bottled water per person, per day. For a 3-day supply, that adds up to three gallons of water per person 
Enough canned or dried food for 3 days
Can opener
Flashlight (easily in reach)
Battery-powered radio
Spare batteries for everything (stored separately in waterproof bags)
Toilet paper, soap, toothpaste and toothbrushes, and other personal supplies
Multi-purpose dry chemical (Class ABC) fire extinguisher
Any important medicine and supplies for infants, elderly people, and others with special needs

10. Haiti Earthquake example: Haiti, on January 12, 2010
How severe was this earthquake? 7.0 magnitude
What happens with a 7.0 magnitude earthquake?
What was the aftermath in Haiti?
What happens:
What actually happened?

11. Japan Earthquake example: Japan, on March 11, 2011
How severe was this earthquake?
What happens during a 9.0 magnitude earthquake?
What actually happened in Japan?
What happens:
What actually happened?

12. India Earthquake example: India, on September 18, 2011
How severe was this earthquake? 6.8 magnitude
What happens?
What actually happened?
What happens:
What actually happened?

13. What is an earthquake?
An earthquake is the shaking of the ground due to the movements of tectonic plates

14. What causes an Earthquake?
Along a fault, energy builds up in a rock until it breaks and releases energy.
This release of energy causes an earthquake.

15. What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?
Gradual buildup, and release of stress and strain, between tectonic plates which leads to earthquakes

16. What Causes Earthquakes?
As tectonic plates push, pull or scrape against each other, stress builds up along faults until the rocks finally move
A fault is a break in the Earth’s crust where plates slide, push or pull against each other

17. What are the parts of an earthquake?
The epicenter is the location on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus. Surface waves move outward from the epicenter. The focus of an earthquake is the point INSIDE the Earth where the earthquake starts. It is the place below the earth’s surface where the rocks tear, come apart, or collide. The fault is the break in the crust where the earthquake occurs, between two blocks of rock that have moved past each other.

18. What is a Seismograph
Records ground movements caused by earthquakes, explosions, or other Earth-shaking phenomena.

19. Magnitudes and Energy of Earthquakes Annual Numbers of EQs
As indicated in previous slide, as magnitude increases by 1.0, ground motion changes by a factor of 10. The change in energy with magnitude is even more dramatic. A change of magnitude by 1.0 corresponds to a change in energy released by a factor of 32!
Notice the dramatic change in number of earthquakes of different sizes. Small earthquakes are MUCH more frequent than large earthquakes. However, because the energy changes by a factor of 32 with an increase of 1.0 in magnitude, large earthquakes account for most of the energy released in earthquakes. There are about 20 earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 or greater each year and these release 80% of all seismic energy.
Earthquake Energy—To rephrase, for each unit of magnitude the amplitude of the waves increases by a factor of 10, but the duration also increases, so the energy released increases by a factor of 32!
RESOURCE: See file “No. 3. How Often do Earthquakes Occur?” on website
What’s the message?
MOST of the energy is released by around 20 magnitude-7 and larger EQs every year.

20. Seismic intensity is affected by rock type.
A major influence on earthquake damage is the ground that buildings are built upon. In the San Francisco Bay area, soft muddy areas experience much large ground oscillations than do areas of hard bedrock. Earthquake damage tends to be high in Bay Mud areas and lower in areas underlain by bedrock.
The level of shaking is controlled by the proximity of the earthquake source to the affected region and the types of rocks that seismic waves pass through en route (particularly those at or near the ground surface).
Generally, the bigger and closer the earthquake, the stronger the shaking. But there have been large earthquakes with very little damage either because they caused little shaking or because the buildings were built to withstand that kind of shaking. In other cases, moderate earthquakes have caused significant damage either because the shaking was locally amplified, or more likely because the structures were poorly engineered.
Amplitude of oscillation
Form a hypothesis about how would you expect the houses to react during an EQ.

21. Seismic intensity is affected by rock type.
This drawing does not show the S and P-wave arrivals on the seismogram. Rather, it shows how the seismic wave oscillates as it enters different materials.
The least damage occurs where buildings are constructed on bedrock. Note that the seismogram signal through “solid bedrock” is a high-frequency, low-amplitude.
By the time the seismic wave reaches the “well-consolidated sediment” it begins to wobble with more amplitude but less frequently.
The “poorly consolidated” sediment is even worse.
As the wave enters the “water-saturated sand and mud” the wave records a low-frequency, high-amplitude signal. It really gets rolling and can cause liquifaction [during ground shaking, some sandy, water-saturated soils can behave like liquids rather than solids. See the activity in the Exploratorium website noted below.]
Background below from
During a quake, the squeezing done by the seismic waves happens very quickly, and the water doesn’t have time to flow out of the way of the sand particles. So as the particles try to move into a denser configuration, they push on the water, causing an increase in water pressure.This increased pressure causes the forces at the contact points between the sand particles to decrease. If the water pressure is high enough, it can reduce the interparticle forces to zero, which means that the sand particles ﾒfloatﾓ away from each other. For a brief time, the sand particles are suspended in the water. This is liquefaction. The soilﾕs loss of strength occurs because thereﾕs no contact between the particles of sand.So What?
Many buildings in the San Francisco Bay Area are built on landfill, sand, or mud that can liquefy. Liquefaction caused much of the damage during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. It has also been responsible for major destruction in other quakes, including Kobe, Japan, in 1995 and Mexico City in 1985.
Amplitude of oscillation increasing

22. What is an Aftershock?
Smaller earthquake that occurs after a previous large earthquake, in the same area of the main shock.

23. Earthquake Project With your partner, read the article provided
You will create a poster that needs to include the following:
Table of information
Diagram of earthquake with the labeled parts (fault, epicenter, focus)
Definitions of the following vocabulary words: aftershock, fault, focus, epicenter, seismograph
You must include at least 3 colors!!
Create table on the copy paper which displays the following information about YOUR earthquake:
Earthquake Location
Date of Earthquake
Magnitude
Location of Epicenter
Approximate Deaths
Major destruction and damage
Draw and label the different parts of an earthquake
You have 15 minutes

25. Exit Ticket
Draw and label diagram which represents an earthquake and its components.
What is an aftershock?
What records ground movements caused by earthquakes, explosions, or other Earth-shaking phenomena?
True or False: Seismic intensity (vibration) is greater on bed rock than on water-saturated sand and mud.
True or False: A 7.0 magnitude earthquake will always cause the same amount of damage, regardless of where the earthquake occurs (ex. Haiti vs. California)