1. Astroparticle Physics in the Netherlands Gerard van der Steenhoven Amsterdam, November 15 th, 2004 NIKHEF Scientific Advisory Committee ? LOFAR Gravitation Cosmic Rays Neutrinos Dark Matter Astroparticle Physics

2. WMAP results

3. Dark Matters searches Gravitational capture of  ’s: Annihilation of neutralinos (  ’s): in Earth, Sun, or Galactic Centre                          Observe decay neutrino ++  

4. Origin of high energy cosmic rays  ~ E -2.7 Scientific issues: How to get info: –Protons are bent… –High energy  ’s ? → What is the origin of (U)HE cosmic rays? GZK limit: 5 x 10 19 eV → Data beyond GZK limit: new physics?

5. Astroparticle Physics (APP) Dark Matter searches – neutralinos, monopoles,… Cosmic rays (GZK-limit) – AGN’s, GRB’s,  -Quasars,… Neutrinos – oscillations, CP Gravitation – grav. waves SN1987A

6. DoE/NSF report ‘Quantum Universe’ The key questions: 1.Undiscovered principles: 2.Dark energy: 3.Extra dimensions: 4.Unified forces: 5.Why so many particles: 6.Dark matter: 7.Neutrinos: 8.Origin of the universe: 9.Antimatter: LHC APP 1. Beyond SM, SUSY 2. Higgs Field 3. String Theory, Gravitation 4. UH energies, p-decay 5. Top, bottom,  - physics 6. WIMPs, neutralinos 7. Mass, CP, oscillations 8. QGP, WMAP 9. CP violation

7. APP @ NIKHEF - I ANTARES –0.05 km 3 deep-sea -detector –NIKHEF contributions: DAQ-concept: All-Data-to-Shore Readout, controls, point trigger Investments: 3.5 M€ (NWO-G) –Pilot for ~ 1 km 3 project –Project status (Maarten de Jong): Deployment 1 st line: Summer 2005 Fully operational system: early 2007

8. APP @ NIKHEF - II KM3NET –Design study for ~ 1 km 3 deep-sea -detector (EU FP6) –Objectives of design study: Develop complete design – ready to be built Reduce cost (per line) by factor two: total costs < 200 M€ Site selection: –Project status: EU negotiations 2006 - 2008 NIKHEF: 0.7 M€ (Els de Wolf) ANTARES NEMO NESTOR

9. Purpose of km 3 -detector Astrophysics ( -astronomy): –Identify point sources –Composition of jets –Origin of cosmic acceleration –Diffuse fluxes Particle physics (beyond SM) –Dark Matter searches: Neutralinos, Monopoles,.. –Origin of UHE-cosmic rays –Neutrino oscillations (extra) galactic -sources Neutralino search:  → +…

10. Expected rates: point-like sources KM3NET 1 yr  Quasars and GRBs Neutralino searches KM3NET 3 yr GRB’s

11. Expected rates: diffuse fluxes Waxman-Bahcall Limit for extra- galactic sources: ~ 250 ev/yr/km 2 NT-200 DUMAND W&B MPR + NT-200 AMANDA-II/ANTARES IceCube/KM3NeT AMANDA-B10 GRB atmospheric neutrinos Mannheim et al: refinement of WB-limit + individual src-s. Total expected diffuse rate:  20 x ANTARES ~ 10 5 ’s/yr

12. KM3NET versus ICECUBE Complementary sky views * : Angular resolution: Energy threshold: (*) ANTARES location provides a sky coverage of 3.5  sr and an instantaneous common view with AMANDA of 0.5  sr, and about 1.5  sr common view per day. The Galactic centre is visible 2/3 of the time. KM3NET ICECUBE galactic centre KM3NET ICECUBE 0.1 deg 0.5 deg 1 TeV 10 TeV

13. APP @ NIKHEF - III LOFAR –Radio-frequency interferometer (10-250 MHz) –APP application: high-energy cosmic rays (GZK limit?) –Data volume: few GB/s/station: TIER1 @ NIKHEF –Project status: Under construction in NL Dutch investment: 52 M€ CR proof-of-principle Operations: 2007-2012 (Jeff Templon) LOFAR

14. What is LOFAR? Astronomy: –First measurement 10 – 250 MHz radiospectrum (0.5 tot 30 m waves) –Cosmology: early ionisation phase Astroparticle physics: –Cosmic rays of E > 10 14 eV 5 ev/hr 1 ev/yr

15. APP: the challenge in NL ANTARES: –FOM program ends in 2006 (….data taking until 2010!) KM3NET: –Dutch investment required: ~ 10 M€ (in 2010) LOFAR: –Additional resources for CR-program needed Other research ambitions: –KATRIN, Gravitation, Pierre Auger: A coherent national plan is needed !

16. The Pierre Auger Project Large CR-array in Argentina NIKHEF (Nijmegen) invited as partner Idea: implement radio-detection of CR’s (~ LOFAR) Advantage: direct access to newest UHE-CR data!

17. APP developments elsewhere US: –New astroparticle physics institutes (@ SLAC, FNAL) –DoE/NSF paper ‘Quantum Universe’ Germany: –New ‘Fachbereich’ –Push from BMBF Italy: –Separate ‘funding chapter 2’ within INFN –Number of researchers involved: 800

18. APP in NL: considerations New scientific community:…… critical mass Funding agencies (FOM, NWO-E): – Involve all groups in the Netherlands – Obtain active support astronomers – Be selective: set priorities Universities:……… get new faculty on APP Choose a bottom-up approach!

19. Our approach Form a scientific community in the Netherlands: –APP symposia: 26 April @ NIKHEF, 24 Sept @ Nijmegen, 21 Jan. ‘05 @ Leiden, 22 April ’05 @ KVI, … –Create web-site: www.astroparticlephysics.nl Form an organizational body (‘bottom up’): –‘Committee for Astroparticle physics in the NL’ (CAN) Formulate a strategy: –CAN prepares a research plan (+M€’s)

20. The CAN committee Approach: –Inventory of research ambitions –Set priorities and write research plan –Feed-back from Dutch APP community Membership: –Amsterdam: B. Hertzberger, P.J. Mulders (VU), R. Wijers –ASTRON: H. Falcke –Groningen: M. van de Weijgaert –KVI: A. van den Berg, N. Kalantar, R. Timmermans –Leiden: A. Achacurra –Nijmegen: J. Kuijpers, S. de Jong –NIKHEF: F. Linde, G. van der Steenhoven (chair) –Utrecht: A. Achterberg Crab

21. Planning 14 oktober 2004: –CAN ‘kick-off’ meeting in Amsterdam 1 december 2004: –Inventory APP research ambitions January - April 2005: –First draft + feedback community May- June 2005: –Submission plan to funding agencies: FOM/NWO-N, NWO-E, NWO-AB

22. First draft of web-page ………under construction ! K. Huijser, NIKHEF

23. First result of inventory cf. TIER1 for LHC

24. Conclusion Astroparticle Physics: –High discovery potential –New initiative in NL –Bottom-up approach Scientific Advisory Committee: –Advice on chosen approach –Advice on APP priorities

25. Possible resources for APP FOM (physics) –Through NIKHEF ‘mission budget’, and small projects NWO-E (e-science, mathematics, astronomy) –Open competition (small), new joint program? NWO – AB (general board) –Awards & fellowships (‘veni-vidi-vici’ program) –Investments (NWO-M and NWO-G) –As new interdisciplinary program (‘New Money’) EU ( framework program - FP7 ): –Marie-Curie fellowships, Design studies, Research Infrastructures (I3’s), Construction,… M€’s