2. 2007 - Week 1.2 Some Fundamental Items from PHYSICS

3. Assignment- Begin reading the Background Notes that are posted on the website.Background Notes Roughly pages 1-18

4. From Our Discussion Elements of Music Structured/Designed Sound Some pleasant – bells, most musical instruments Some nasty – whip Some intermediate - drums Rhythm (time) Tones (Not defined, though) Loudness Pleasurable ???? Message ???? Must there be one? What Kind?

5. Bone Flute – Music is older than I am! 50,000 years or more Neanderthal reconstructions

6. Where did instruments come from???

7. What does this mean?

8. Lightening Takes time to get to you or you are in big trouble. Speed = distance/time What is distance? What is time?

9. Sound --- A “disturbance”

10. Important Definitions Length or Distance How “far” something moves or travels. Measured against some agreed upon standard. Length Standard.. The Gorf Unknown Length 1 2 3 4 1/8 = 4 1/8 Gorfs

11. The real standard:

12. Systems of Units SI Units …. Meters, Seconds, Newtons/Kilograms English System ….. Feet/yards, seconds, pounds/poundals

13. More Important Definitions TIME The subjective “distance” between two EVENTS. It needs to be objective … ie measurable and reproducible. Original Clock – The Earth’s Rotation “It is two days journey” Today’s Clocks – “He ran the race in 4 hours, 2 minutes and 21.85 seconds”

14. Things that “tick” at some rate The planet … once a day The Pendulum.. Depends on a number of things; Parameters: Length Weight, whatever that is. Mounting

15. In case you care….. We will discuss this “g-thing” when we get to acceleration.

16. Sun Clock

17. Water Clocks

18. And so on … Rolex (~$10K) Atomic Clock (NASA) $ megabucks

19. The music clock: the Metronome 112 quarter notes per minute. Kind of Pendulum

20. We hear music (and other noise) in our brains. Sound

21. And you didn’t even know that you have one! Sound Waves push against your Tympanic Membrane What is a wave, what is a push??

22. Inside your head To Brain d D

23. In order to understand musical tones and their relationship to each other, we need to understand GRAPHS!

24. A graph … what does it all mean? time (seconds) 2 distance (meters) 1 100 50 snail rabbit

25. Speed

26. So…. time (seconds) 2 distance (meters) 1 100 50 snail rabbit Snail goes 100 meters in 2 seconds … Speed=100m/2s Speed = 2 meters/second

27. Notice

28. Also Velocity is speed in a particular direction. Velocity: 120 m/hr NORTH Speed: 120 m/hr (or mph)

29. Example Sound travels about 1100 ft per second. How much time does it take for sound to travel about 1 mile?

30. Another Graph.. a biggy! -1.5 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 0510152025 Time (seconds) disturbance

31. Important Definitions The PERIOD, T is the time it takes to go from one condition to the next time that exact condition is repeated. The frequency, the number of oscillations per second, is given by:

32. -1.5 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 0510152025 Time (seconds) disturbance 6 sec Period = 6 seconds Frequency=1/6 per sec (Hz) =0.16 sec = 160 ms

33. Siren … a scientific instrument

34. The Graph

35. 100 Bottles of beer on the wall …

36. Resonance (later) Rotational Speed (Turns/second) Loudness

37. Helmholtz Resonators

39. Helmholtz’s Results Note from Middle CFrequency C264 D297 E330 F352 G396 A440 B496