2. Terminal Exam Revision We are learning that….. We will be able to…. Wednesday, 11 November 2015 1.Collect A3 paper, 2 x felts 2.Complete Additional Biology revision questions

3. Ex study for Tuesday Revise

4. Topics we have covered… Cells and simple transport Tissues, organs and organ systems Photosynthesis Distribution of organisms Proteins their function and uses Aerobic and anaerobic respiration Cell division and inheritance Speciation

5. What do you know? For the following numbered slides, write down what you know in as much detail as possible using key words/descriptions

6. C D F E A B Cytoplasm – Chemical reactions happen here 1

7. 2 Ensure you know all cells parts & functions including ribosomes & mitochondria

8. 3

9. 4

10. Red blood cells Large surface area. Small diameter. No nucleus. Contain haemoglobin. 5

11. Gland cells Large cells. Lie next to blood capillaries. Able to manufacture and secrete chemicals. 6

12. Palisade cells Large surface area. Many tightly packed chloroplasts. 7

13. Root hair cells Thin membrane. Large surface area. 8

14. 9 Key words….. Concentration gradient High concentration Low concentration Diffusion Particles HOW CAN YOU INCREASE THE RATE OF DIFFUSION? WHERE DOES IT OCCUR WITHIN THE HUMAN BODY?

15. Have loop of DNA Have capsule both of these are not found in plant & animal cells

16. Larger than bacterial cells Similar structure to plant or bacterial cells but cell wall made of CHITIN

17. TISSUEORGANORGAN SYSTEM Blood Bone Brain Circulatory DigestiveEpithelial Glandular Heart Kidney Lung Muscle Nervous Skeletal Skin Small intestine Stomach Ensure you can define a cell, tissue, organ, organ system

18. Salivary glands stomach windpipe tongue mouth anus rectum colon pancreas Large intestine appendix small intestine Gall bladder Bile duct liver gullet

19. The stomach is an organ that has several different types of tissue working together Ensure you know the 3 tissues within the stomach & each tissues role & adaptations

20. Key tissues you need to learn about…..what are their functions? Epidermal cell Mesophyll Xylem and phloem tissue Epidermal tissue – protects organs, found on outside of plant organs A vascular bundle is made up of the xylem & phloem Xylem – carries water 7 minerals. Thickened cell walls, strong to support plant Phloem – carries sugars. Living tissues Palisade mesophyll cells contains LOTS of chloroplasts for????

21. CO 2 Most chlorophyll Ensure you know the structure of the leaf & what features each part has eg waxy cuticle - waterproof

22. 11 Leaves have………. Large surface area Veins Green Thin Ensure you can explain WHY

23. glucose light energy chlorophyll carbon dioxide wateroxygen CO 2 H2OH2OO2O2 C 6 H 12 O 6 12

24. Limiting factors

25. Photosynthesis and light – limiting factors How does the amount of light affect the rate of photosynthesis on this labelled graph? As the amount of light increases, so does the rate. The limiting factor is light. light intensity rate of photosynthesis Here, increasing the amount of light has no affect on the rate. The limiting factor is now carbon dioxide or temperature. What must be increased for the rate to increase? 1 2 1 2

26. Photosynthesis and carbon dioxide – limiting factors How does the amount of carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis on this labelled graph? As the amount of carbon dioxide goes up, so does the rate. The limiting factor is carbon dioxide. concentration of carbon dioxide rate of photosynthesis Here, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide has no affect on the rate. Light or warmth is now the limiting factor. What must be increased for the rate to increase? 1 2 1 2

27. Photosynthesis and temperature – limiting factors How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis on this labelled graph? 1.As temperature increases, so does the rate because photosynthetic enzymes work best in the warmth. Here, the limiting factor is temperature. temperature rate of photosynthesis 0oC0oC45 o C Most plant enzymes are destroyed at about 45°C. Here, photosynthesis stops and the rate falls to zero. What is the limiting factor? 1 2 1 2

28. How is glucose stored? Glucose used for r……… Energy from respiration is used to make complex carbohydrates such as c…….. Used to make p…….. along with minerals from the soil (n…….) Energy from respiration used to make f… & o…. stored in seeds Glucose is stored as s…… as starch is insoluble, eg potatoes, carrots, onions

29. How are optimum conditions maintained for maximum yield?? Paraffin heaters provide warmth/carbon dioxide Artificial lights Ventilation to control temperature Watering system

30. Quadrat? Transect? Take random samples - avoid bias Ensure you take enough samples for size of area – more valid/ increase reproducibility

31. Ensure you know what quadrats are used for What is a transect? Quantitative Qualitative Mean Mode Median

32. What factors affect the distribution of organisms?

33. Organisms need resources! What abiotic factors may affect their distribution? Physical factors (ABIOTIC) may affect the distribution of organisms, including: –Temperature –Amount of light –Availability of: Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Nutrients

34. A quick maths reminder Define the following terms in as few words as possible, then find them for these numbers: 2 4 9 3 5 2 4 2 5 Mean Mode Median Range Mean: add up all the numbers and then divide by the number of numbers (answer: 36/9 = 4) Mode: the value that occurs most often (answer: 2) Median: the "middle" value in the list of numbers when they are arranged in numerical order (answer: 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 9) Range: the difference between the largest and smallest values (answer: 9 – 2 = 7)

35. Terminal Exam Revision We are learning that….. We will be able to…. Wednesday, 11 November 2015 Collect A3 paper, 2 x felts Exam questions

36. Revise!!!! During revision tomorrow periods 5 & 6 we will be completing a past paper

37. Proteins….what do you know about them? Made of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen Made of amino acids Used to make hormones, antibodies and catalysts Enzymes

38. 22 Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Activation energy

39. 23 If the temperature or pH is changed, the shape of the active site is altered. The substrate can No longer fit into the active site so no product is made

40. 24 At low temperatures the reaction between enzymes & substrate will happen more slowly as there is less energy If the temperature becomes too high….

41. 25 How does the shape of the enzyme aid the rate of respiration?

42. Role of stomach in digestion? The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to provide the right conditions for stomach enzymes to work effectively

43. Bloodstream 26 Digestion…. Large insoluble food molecules are broken down into smaller, soluble food molecules so that they can diffuse into the bloodstream

44. The digestive enzymes EnzymeMade in?Food group it acts upon Parts of digestive system it works in Carbohydrase Protease Lipase 27

45. The digestive enzymes EnzymeMade in?Food group it acts upon Parts of digestive system it works in Carbohydrase (amylase) Mouth, pancreas, small intestine Carbohydrates Mouth, small intestine Protease Stomach, pancreas, small intestine ProteinStomach, small intestine Lipase Pancreas, small intestine Lipids (fats) Small intestine 27 cont’

46. 28 Bile… Made in the? Stored in the? Works on?......by…………

47. 29 Uses of enzymes in industry Isomerase….glucose fructose…sweeter

48. Advantages & disadvantages of using enzymes in industry Advantages Enzymes used at low temperatures so industries cheap to run Can work at low pressures Efficient catalysts Using pure enzymes are more expensive but they do not use any substrate in their process Disadvantages Enzymes very sensitive to pH & temperature changes. Costs money to control these conditions Whole microbes used to make enzymes must be supplied with food & oxygen to grow & waste products must be removed 30

49. What is the energy produced by respiration required for? To build larger molecules from smaller ones For muscle contraction (movement) Maintain body temperature

50. 7 Equations for aerobic respiration Heart rate and breathing rate increase Blood flow to the muscles is increased (as well as the supply of sugar and oxygen), and the rate of removal of carbon dioxide is increased. Arteries dilate/blood flow increase Muscle cells/mitochondria Glycogen – carbohydrate store Respiration

51. time oxygen levels rest exercise exercise stops 8 Anaerobic respiration Lactic acid Oxygen debt Lactic acid carbon dioxide and water Extra oxygen used to oxidise lactic acid

52. 33 Explain the relationship between these parts

53. 34 Mitosis – cell division for growth Same number of chromosomes Eg skin cells

54. 35 Stem cells are UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS Can be grown into different cell types Moral issues…why? Ensure you can say pros/cons with a conclusion

55. 36 Meiosis Used for production of gametes Number of chromosomes of cells produced is halved Takes place in ovaries & testes

56. 37 Mendel Discovered dominant & recessive characteristics before microscopes invented

57. Key words; Allele Homologous Heterozygous Diploid Haploid 38

58. X chromosomeY chromosome 39 Inheritance of sex

59. 40 Cystic fibrosis, a disorder of cell membranes, is caused by a recessive allele.

60. Polydactyly, having extra fingers or toes, is caused by a dominant allele.

61. Fossils Which type of organisms do not fossilise? How are they formed? Why don’t they provide all the evidence?

62. What does this slide represent? Extinction can be caused by???? New predators Competition Disease Pollution Human activity Environmental change 11

63. Speciation Can you explain it in terms of alleles? Alleles Isolation Characteristics Mutation Original species Environmental change

64. Today…. 1.B2 exam 2.Complete exam paper IN EXAM CONDITIONS – in silence, no communication 3.We will mark the tests 4.Marks will be recorded & grades awarded 5.Complete B2 exam questions – take mark scheme if wanted

65. Now…. 1.Complete enzymes exam questions 2.Create revision resources/make notes using your revision packs 3.Collect & complete inheritance exam questions

66. Today…. 1.Title = ‘ B2 exam ’ 2.Complete test IN EXAM CONDITIONS – in silence, no communication 3.We will mark the tests 4.Marks will be recorded & grades awarded

67. Grade boundaries 64% - A* 57% - A 44% - B 33% - C 26% - D

68. If time allows… Complete questions for each topic in your revision pack There are pre-test & end of chapter questions for each topic

69. Key words – list the key words for this topic…. Gene Chromosome DNA Mitosis Fertilisation Gamete Meiosis Mutation Inherit Mendel Homologous Heterozygous Diploid Haploid Dominant Recessive Cystic fibrosis Stem cell Differentiation Embryo Cell division Allele Fossil Speciation Extinction

70. Key word chop HomotylySpecPolydac GenIsolinantChar PhzygousAlliation Heteroeleotypeessive zygousDomRecation

71. Question 4 answers Use good grammar, punctuation, there are points FOR & AGAINST using adult stem cells & not embryonic stem cells. DIFFERENCES between adult & embryonic are explained Examples include Stem cells are able to change into the types of cell Stem cells can be removed from adults eg bone marrow Embryonic stem cells are taken from early embryos before cells have started to change Unethical as embryo is destroyed Risk of cancer with embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells have been used safely for 40 years Used to treat Leukaemia (or other examples) Patients have been shown to improve from nervous disorder conditions Accept other relevant points from doctor’s statement

72. Key words – list the key words for this topic…. Fossils Speciation Isolation Mutation

73. Mark your speciation practice test homework Use the mark scheme to do this….

74. Revise for 15 minutes from BBC Bitesize KS4 science AQA Additional Speciation

75. Key word chop EvieaseNatation AmExtVartralia PreddenceAusDis IsolinctioniationFoss ilisationatorsural selection ber

76. Question 4 answers Use good grammar, punctuation, Examples include Two populations of a species become separated (geographical separation) (1) Population has a wide range of alleles (genes) (1) There is variation within a population (1) Some characteristics will be an advantage (1) Organisms survive & breed (1) Populations remain separate for a long time (1) Populations become different (1) Can no longer interbreed (1)

77. Review your test mark Write grade on test sheet at front of book Do ** & a wish on your checklist or on the next page in your book under today’s date

78. Terminal Exam Revision I will be able to test my knowledge on the topics I have covered this year I will understand key concepts for each topic covered in Additional Biology

79. Inheritance test We are learning….. Cell division Genetic variation Genetic disorders Speciation We will be able to…. All: revise the topic of inheritance & speciation Most: achieve target grade in inheritance test Some: exceed target grade in inheritance test Wednesday, 11 November 2015

80. B2 June 2012 exam We are learning….. Old and new species Evidence for early forms of life comes from fossils. Causes of extinction New species arise as a result of isolation (HT only – genetic variation, natural selection and speciation). We will be able to…. All: revise the topic of B2 Most: achieve target grade on B2 exam Some: exceed target grade in B2 exam Wednesday, 11 November 2015

81. Ex study for January 2013 Revise ALL work for a B2 exam Use BBC Bitesize, KS4 science, AQA Additional

82. Remember!!!!! Your Biology exam is on Tuesday January 22 nd Revise!!!!

83. Today…. 1.Title = ‘ B2 exam ’ 2.Complete test IN EXAM CONDITIONS – in silence, no communication 3.We will mark the tests 4.Marks will be recorded & grades awarded