1. Pelvis, Perineum, and the Reproductive Systems

2. Objectives  Describe the contents and arrangement of structures in the pelvic cavity in both genders  Draw or describe in detail the pelvic diaphragm in both genders  Compare and contrast the reproductive systems and pelvic contents for clinical correlations  Analyze the role of the pelvic diaphragm in pressure balance

3. Pelvis Greater Pelvis (False) Lesser Pelvis (True)

4. Ligaments

5. In the following AP pelvic radiograph, the arrow indicates: A. the sacrotuberous ligament. B. the ischial spine. C. the ischial tuberosity. D. the iliac tubercle. E. a posteriorly dislocated femoral head.

6. Anteroinferior wall

7. Lateral walls

8. Posterior wall

12. Pelvic Diaphragm

13. The levator ani: A. is innervated by pelvic splanchnic nerves. B. actively contracts during coughing. C. causes increased urination when spastic. D. actively contracts during inspiration.

14. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the sacral plexus? A. It is located on the posterolateral wall of the lesser pelvis. B. It is related to the anterior surface of the piriformis muscle. C. It is joined by the lumbosacral trunk. D. It may be compressed during parturition, resulting in lower limb pain. E. Most of its branches exit the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen.

15. Bladder - Male

16. Bladder - Female

17. Urethrae

18. Rectum

19. Clinical Relevance  Chronic constipation caused by PFD  Urinary incontinence and Overactive bladder  Twice as common in women  Pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, anatomy

20. Male Reproductive System

23. Female Reproductive System

25. Female Anatomy

26. Which of the following is incorrect pertaining to the pelvic diaphragm? A. It separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum. B. It is pierced by the vagina in females. C. It helps maintain urinary continence. D. It helps maintain fecal continence. E. It is synonymous with the levator ani.

27. Pressure balance and stabilization  Thoracic inlet  Thorax  Thoracic outlet  Abdomen  Pelvic inlet  Pelvis  Pelvic outlet

29. Respiratory pump  Vena Cava  During inspiration, thorax has negative pressure while abdomen has positive pressure  Pulls blood up into thorax, pushes blood out of abdomen

30. Other factors that increase abdominal and pelvic pressure  Inspiration  Coughing  Sneezing  Lifting/Stabilizing

31. Effect on pelvis  With high abdominal pressure, pressure in pelvis increases

32. Your patient is a new mom. Which of the following do you need to be aware of? A. The pelvic diaphragm may be stretched or torn B. The coccyx may be broken C. Your patient may feel pain sitting D. All of these!

33. Final Exam  75 total questions  15 T/F  60 MC  2+ hours  Rules

34. Review

35. Your patient has a weak serratus anterior. Which activity would you prescribe to strengthen it? A. Chin ups B. Rows C. Jumping jacks D. Planks

36. Your patient turned their head too fast and felt sudden pain right behind their ear. Which nerve was pulled on? A. Lesser occipital B. Great auricular C. Transverse cervical D. supraclavicular