1. Unit 2: Organization and Patterns in Life
Living Environment, Mr. Graham

2. Periodic Table of Elements

3. What are living things made of?
Living things are composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

4. Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules which are built by joining smaller molecules together. The smaller molecules are called monomers, which join together to form polymers.

5. Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules
Organic – Contains both C and H
Inorganic – Doesn’t contain both C and H
Examples:
Carbohydrates (Sugars)
Lipids (Fats)
Proteins
Nucleic Acid (RNA, DNA)
Examples:
Water (H2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Oxygen (O2)
Salts (i.e. NaCl)
Minerals

6. Four Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids (Fats)
Proteins
Nucleic Acid

7. Building large molecules of life
Chain together smaller molecules
building block molecules = monomers
Big molecules built from little molecules
polymers 7

8. Building large organic molecules
Small molecules = building blocks
Bond them together = polymers 8

9. Making and Breaking of POLYMERS
Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (building up)
Short polymer
Unlinked monomer
Removal of water molecule
Longer polymer 9

10. Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino
acid –
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide 10

11. amino acids = building block
Example of synthesis
amino acids
protein
Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
amino acids = building block
protein = polymer 11

12. How to take large molecules apart
Hydrolysis (Digestion)
taking big molecules apart
getting raw materials
for synthesis & growth
making energy (ATP)
for synthesis, growth & everyday functions +
ATP 12

13. Making and Breaking of POLYMERS
Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split)
Addition of water molecule 13

14. Example of digestion starch glucose ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP
Starch is digested to glucose 14

15. Carbohydrates – breads, pastas, and potatoes.
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.
There are three main types of carbohydrates.
Monosaccharide - glucose
Disaccharides - sucrose
Polysaccharides – starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

16. Carbohydrates sugars sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
Building block molecules =
sugars
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar 16

17. Building carbohydrates
Synthesis
1 sugar = monosaccharide
2 sugars = disaccharide |
glucose |
glucose |
maltose
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
di = two 17

18. BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides large carbohydrates starch glycogen
energy storage in plants
potatoes
glycogen
energy storage in animals
in liver & muscles
cellulose
structure in plants
cell walls
chitin
structure in arthropods & fungi
exoskeleton
poly = many 18

19. Cellulose Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well
most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
cellulose = roughage
stays undigested
keeps material moving in your intestines
Cross-linking between polysaccharide chains = rigid & hard to digest
The digestion of cellulose governs the life strategy of herbivores.
Either you do it really well and you’re a cow or an elephant or a horse (spend a long time digesting a lot of food with a little help from some microbes & have to walk around slowly for a long time carrying a lot of food in your stomach)
Or you do it inefficiently and have to supplement your diet with simple sugars, like fruit and nectar, and you’re a gorilla. 19

20. Cellulose Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well
most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
cellulose = roughage
stays undigested
keeps material moving in your intestines
Cross-linking between polysaccharide chains = rigid & hard to digest
The digestion of cellulose governs the life strategy of herbivores.
Either you do it really well and you’re a cow or an elephant or a horse (spend a long time digesting a lot of food with a little help from some microbes & have to walk around slowly for a long time carrying a lot of food in your stomach)
Or you do it inefficiently and have to supplement your diet with simple sugars, like fruit and nectar, and you’re a gorilla. 20

21. Proteins – meats such as steak, and chicken.
Proteins have many different functions. The monomer that builds proteins is called an amino acid.
Enzymes – catalyze chemical reactions.
Antibodies (immune system) – protect the body from pathogens.
Hormones – chemical messengers.
Receptor Molecules – cellular communication

22. For proteins: SHAPE matters!
Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape
that’s what happens in the cell!
Different shapes = different jobs
growth hormone
hemoglobin
pepsin
collagen 22

23. Amino acids can be linked by peptide bonds
Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis
The bonds between amino acid monomers are called peptide bonds
PEPTIDE BOND
Dehydration synthesis
Dipeptide
Amino acid
Amino acid 23

24. Lipids – bacon, burgers, and pizza.
Lipids can be used to store energy. Some are important parts of biological membranes (cell membranes)
Saturated vs. Unsaturated

25. Lipids Function: energy storage cell membrane cushions organs
very concentrated
twice the energy as carbohydrates!
cell membrane
cushions organs
insulates body
think whale blubber! 25

26. Other lipids in biology
Cell membranes are made out of lipids
phospholipids
heads are on the outside touching water
“like” water
tails are on inside away from water
“scared” of water
forms a barrier between the cell & the outside 26

27. Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.
Nucleotides are the monomer of nucleic acids.

28. Nucleotide chains double-sided double helix A, C, G, T single-sided
phosphate
sugar
N base
Nucleotide chains
Nucleic acids
nucleotides chained into a polymer
DNA
double-sided
double helix
A, C, G, T
RNA
single-sided
A, C, G, U
phosphate
sugar
N base
strong bonds
phosphate
sugar
N base
phosphate
sugar
N base
RNA

29. Indicators – a substance that changes color in the presence of a specific chemical.
Lugol’s Solution (Iodine)
Tests for starch
Benedict’s Solution
Test for monosacchrides (i.e. glucose)
Litmus Paper
Tests for Acids and Bases
Bromothymol Blue
Test for Carbon Dioxide

30. Lugol’s Solution
Yellow = no starch
Brown/Black = starch

31. Benedict’s Solution Blue = no glucose Brown = glucose
The solution with Benedict’s solution MUST be heated for 3-5 minutes in order to properly conduct this test.
Negative Test
Positive Test

32. Bromothymol Blue Blue = basic (> 7.6) Green = neutral (~7.0)
Yellow = acidic (< 6.0)