1. AP Biology 2005-2006 Chapter 5. Macromolecules

2. AP Biology 2005-2006 Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules  macromolecules  4 major classes of macromolecules:  carbohydrates  lipids  proteins  nucleic acids

3. AP Biology 2005-2006 Polymers  Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units  polymers  monomers = repeated small units  covalent bonds

4. AP Biology 2005-2006 How to build a polymer  Condensation reaction  dehydration synthesis  joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out  requires energy & enzymes

5. AP Biology 2005-2006 How to break down a polymer  Hydrolysis  use H 2 O to break apart monomers  reverse of condensation reaction  H 2 O is split into H and OH

6. AP Biology 2005-2006 Carbohydrates

7. AP Biology 2005-2006 Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O Function:  energy u energy storage  raw materials u structural materials  Monomer: sugars  ex: sugars & starches

8. AP Biology 2005-2006 Simple & complex sugars  Monosaccharides  simple 1 monomer sugars  glucose  Disaccharides  2 monomers  sucrose  Polysaccharides  large polymers

9. AP Biology 2005-2006 Polysaccharides  Function:  energy storage  starch (plants)  glycogen (animals)  building materials = structure  cellulose (plants)  chitin (arthropods & fungi)

10. AP Biology 2005-2006 Lipids

11. AP Biology 2005-2006 Lipids  Lipids are composed of C, H, O  long hydrocarbon chain  Diverse group  fats  phospholipids  steroids

12. AP Biology 2005-2006 Fat  Triglycerol  3 fatty acids linked to glycerol

13. AP Biology 2005-2006 Fats  Long HC chain  non-polar  hydrophobic  Function:  energy storage  cushion organs  insulates body

14. AP Biology 2005-2006 Saturated fats  All C bonded to H  No C=C double bonds  long, straight chain  most animal fats  solid at room temp.

15. AP Biology 2005-2006 Unsaturated fats  C=C double bonds in the fatty acids  plant & fish fats  vegetable oils  liquid at room temperature

16. AP Biology 2005-2006 Phospholipids  Structure:  glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO 4

17. AP Biology 2005-2006 Phospholipids & Cells  Phospholipids of cell membrane  double layer = bilayer  hydrophilic heads on outside  hydrophobic tails on inside  forms barrier between cell & external environment

18. AP Biology 2005-2006 Steroids  ex: cholesterol, sex hormones cholesterol

19. AP Biology 2005-2006 Cholesterol helps keep cell membranes fluid & flexible

20. AP Biology 2005-2006 Proteins

21. AP Biology 2005-2006 Proteins  Most structurally & functionally diverse group of biomolecules  Function:  involved in almost everything  enzymes  structure (keratin, collagen)  carriers & transport (membrane channels)  receptors & binding (defense)  contraction (actin & myosin)  signaling (hormones)  storage (bean seed proteins)

22. AP Biology 2005-2006 Proteins  Structure:  monomer = amino acids  20 different amino acids  polymer = polypeptide  complex 3-D shape

23. AP Biology 2005-2006 Amino acids  Structure:  central carbon  amino group  carboxyl group (acid)  R group (side chain)  variable group  confers unique chemical properties of the amino acid —N——N— H H H | —C— | C—OH || O R

24. AP Biology 2005-2006 Protein structure & function hemoglobin  function depends on structure  3-D structure  twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape collagen pepsin

25. AP Biology 2005-2006 Primary (1°) structure  Order of amino acids in chain  A long ribbon

26. AP Biology 2005-2006 Secondary (2°) structure  “Local folding”  Hydrogen bonds between R groups   -helix (spiral)   -pleated sheet (pleats)

27. AP Biology 2005-2006 Tertiary (3°) structure  “Whole molecule folding”  Hydrogen bonds

28. AP Biology 2005-2006 Quaternary (4°) structure  Joins together more than 1 polypeptide chain  only then is it a functional protein hemoglobin collagen = skin & tendons

29. AP Biology 2005-2006 Denature a protein  Disrupt 3° structure  pH  salt  temperature  unravel or denature protein  “change the shape, change the function”  Some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot

30. AP Biology 2005-2006 Chapter 5. Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids

31. AP Biology 2005-2006 Nucleic Acids  Function:  store & transmit hereditary information  Examples:  RNA (ribonucleic acid)  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)  Structure:  monomers = nucleotides

32. AP Biology 2005-2006 Nucleotides  3 parts  nitrogen base (C-N ring)  pentose sugar (5C)  ribose in RNA  deoxyribose in DNA  PO 4 group

33. AP Biology 2005-2006 Types of nucleotides  2 types of nucleotides  different Nitrogen bases  purines  double ring N base  adenine (A)  guanine (G)  pyrimidines  single ring N base  cytosine (C)  thymine (T)  uracil (U)

34. AP Biology 2005-2006 RNA & DNA  RNA  single nucleotide chain  Ribose sugar  A, U, C, G  DNA  double nucleotide chain  Deoxyribose sugar  A, T, C, G