1. Chapter 2

3. Elements of LIFE! The largest portion of living organisms are composed of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)

4. What about you?

5. Macromolecules = giant molecules Small units = monomers (building block) Large units = polymers (poly- “many”) monomer

8. Type of condensation reaction in which monomers (monosaccharides) join together into polymers while losing a water molecule This process is carried out by losing (-OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from another.

9. Building Carbohydrates Dehydration Synthesis Glucose`Glucose Maltose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide (H2O is a bi-product!!!)

10. Big Carbohydrates Polysaccharides = large carbohydrates starch energy storage in plants Example: potatoes glycogen energy storage in animals Example: in liver & muscles cellulose structure in plants Example: cell walls chitin structure in arthropods & fungi Example: exoskeleton

11. Problems from excess carbohydrates? Type 2 Diabetes Body resisting insulin Body not making enough insulin

12. Protein Shape 4 levels of organization Level 1: sequence of amino acids Level 2: shape of amino acid sequence in protein chain Level 3: folding of protein chain Level 4: If more than one chain, specific arrangement in space

13. Day 2

14. Chemical reaction – process that changes one set of chemicals into another Reactants : elements/compounds that enter into the chemical reaction Products : elements/compounds produced by the chemical reaction CO2 + H2O H2CO3 reactantsproduct

15. Some chemical reactions absorb energy, others release Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without an energy source Activation energy – energy needed to get a reaction started Energy in Reactions HEAT LIGHT SOUND

16. Proteins

17. Amino Acids are composed of: Amino group Carboxyl group Hydrogen R-group

19. The shape of each type of protein is unique Proteins do their jobs because of their shape wrong shape = can’t do its job! Unfolding a protein destroys its shape unfolding proteins = “denature” temperature pH (acidity) folded “denatured”

20. Storage Amino Acids Movement Muscles Transport Ex.) Hemoglobin Immune System Antibodies Hormones Messengers Enzymes* What do Proteins do for you?

21. Enzymes

22. Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react Reactants in an enzyme reaction are called substrates Enzyme and the substrate fit together a bit like a puzzle! Active site: place where substrate and enzyme bind Once the reaction is over, products are released and the enzyme is free to start the process over again

23. Induced-Fit model: This model proposes that the initial interaction between enzyme and substrate is relatively weak, but that these weak interactions rapidly cause shape changes in the enzyme that strengthen binding Enzyme changes shape during the reaction

24. Sugar maltose is made from two glucose molecules bonded together. The enzyme maltase is shaped in such a way that it can break the bond and free the two glucose pieces. The only thing maltase can do is break maltose molecules, but it can do that very rapidly and efficiently. Breaking molecules apart and putting molecules together is what enzymes do, and there is a specific enzyme for each chemical reaction needed to make the cell work properly.

25. pH, temperature Enzymes in human cells work best at temperature close to 37°C  body temp Enzymes in human cells work best a neutral pH Too high/low temperature or pH results in the loss or slowing of enzyme function They won’t work properly!

26. Enzymes are generally named based on the type of substrate they act upon followed by the suffix –ase Maltase – helps synthesis maltose Lactase – breaks down lactose Protease – breaks down proteins

28. Day 3

29. If something is organic, what element does it contain? What is the building block of a protein? What is this a picture of? What kind of disease can result from eating too many carbohydrates? What gives an amino acid its identity? What is a substrate?

30. Protein Deficiency Kwasiorkor (kwash, shore, core) “K” Disease Symptoms Swollen Belly  fluid Fatigue Swollen feet, ankles Teeth Loss Loss of skin pigmentation Thinning hair Muscle Loss

32. Lipids = concentrated energy molecules Building block (monomer) = fatty acid Not soluble in water Common Categories Fats Oils Waxes

33. energy storage very concentrated 2x the energy as carbohydrates! cell membrane cushion Organs Nerve cells insulates body Whale blubber!

34. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated = single carbon bond, maximum # of hydrogen bonds Unsaturated = carbon-carbon double bond Polyunsaturated = more than one carbon-carbon double bond

35. Which fat is better?

36. Fat molecule is not a polymer, just a big “fat” molecule.

37. DNA  DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RNA  RiboNucleic Acid Function = genetic material stores information genes blueprint for building proteins transfers information blueprint for new cells

38. Building block of nucleic acids – Nucleotides Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: Five carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous base phosphate sugar N base

39. Atoms and molecules combine to form compounds New compounds have chemical and physical properties that are usually very different from the whatever it was formed from More bonding occurring, elements are filling their valence shells or losing electrons leading to different properties

40. Specific groups of atoms/bonds within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules Carbs = hydroxyl group Proteins = esters Lipids = amines, acids Nucleic Acids = phosphate