1. Learning History the Co- operative Way. History and citizenship teaching in the early twentieth century Keith Vernon University of Central Lancashire

2. Self-education / mutual instruction Principle of working-class self-education Limited opportunities Mistrust of authorities (and vice versa!) Still needed at start C20? Expansion of state education

3. Co-operation and self-education To what extent did co-operative movement educate itself? What means / models did it draw on? Focus on first decades C20 Formal classes

4. Co-operative education and the state Late C19 accommodation? No need for elementary education Public libraries Technical education too expensive

5. The need for self-education Soured relationships after 1902 Education Act Removal of School Boards State support for Voluntary schools Restrictions on adult evening classes Similar after 1918 Limitations of 1918 Education Act Suspicion of state encroachments on co-operation

6. Mutual Instruction Education for co-operation Classes in co-operative history and principles Advice to teachers Our Story Taught by members List teachers

7. Mutual Instruction Co-operative Bookkeeping Taught within stores – by managers Employer education

8. Distance Learning Education Department / Co-op College Educational Programme Citizenship studies / vocational classes Syllabuses, examinations Correspondence courses Weekend classes

9. Distance Learning University Extension; WEA Printed syllabus Recommended reading Examinations

10. Itinerant Lecturers Specialist vocational classes Regional / itinerant lecturers Taken into societies / relationships with LEAs

11. Education for Co-operation Need to retain education in-house Fluctuated Primarily co-operative principles and practice Variety methods / models to draw on Mutual instruction WEA Itinerant lecturers

12. Education for Co-operation How effective was it? Complaints of limited uptake but large numbers did Principles and practices of co-operation were maintained, and flourished