1. WAYFINDING ERRORS OF NAVIGATION IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Dalibor RADOVAN

2. WAYFINDING street network vs. topographic surface driving a car vs. orienteering planar graph vs. fuzzy geodesic curve

3. TOPOGRAPHY undulated terrain (distance, height difference) rough ground (friction) obstacles (passability, vegetation)

4. GENERAL ORIENTEERING PRINCIPLES Use only map and compass. Turn the map into the direction of target. Turn yourself to coincide map north with compass north. Choose optimal path regarding your orientation and physical ability. Walk / run! Permanently follow distance and topographic features.

5. OPTIMAL PATH Indiviadual (personal) preferences: least cost path optimal energy consumption (orienteering) shortest path (difficult) least steep path (too long) least risky path (too time consuming)

6. STRATEGY, PLANNING, EXECUTION general strategy of navigation in advance local planning in execution of the travel (mostly inside visual horizon) various tricks used depending on the local situation

7. ERRORS IN WAYFINDING street network: wrong turn on crossroad topographic surface: deviation from optimal path

8. ERRORS IN WAYFINDING ON TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACE differential adaptive process (cognitive and physical ability) small errors permanently present (am I still on optimal way?) gross errors lead to relocation (where am I?)

9. PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE ERRORS 90 reasons for errors found, related to: tools - map and compass strategy - tricks and techniques cognition and spatial reasoning - observation, perception, belief, experience, planning, execution personal psycho-physical condition

10. THE GOALS Simulate an agent and calculate: difference between optimal path with and without errors = cost of errors difference between optimal path with a map at 1:10.000 and 1:25.000 = cost of imperfect data difference between optimal path with a compass and electronic device = cost of cognition? mix of each with errors = cost of ? (many options)

11. POSSIBLE RESULTS costs of XY >> refine strategy, tools, data