1. Interacting with Computers 17 (2005) 643-659 Andrew May, Tracy Ross, Zaheer Osman The design of next generation in-vehicle navigation system for the older driver Speaker: Jenny

2. Older drivers perceive wayfinding as more difficult than young drivers. (Burns, 1997) Landmarks are key elements to an unfamiliar destination (Allen, 1999), as typically supported by a vehicle navigation system.

3. Purpose: within a real driving environment, to investigate the extent to which older drivers benefit from the landmarks provision with navigation instructions

4. comparison Older driver performance with and without landmarks Older performance with landmarks compared to younger driver using those same landmarks

5. Landmarks benefits Effective navigation decisions (Tom and Denis, 2003; Bengler et al., 1994) Reduce cognitive effort and distraction (Burnett, 1998) Increase confidence and satisfaction (Alm et al., 1992; Green et alk., 1993)

6. Attributes of good landmarks –Permanence, visibility, usefulness of location, uniqueness (Burnett et al., 2001) Landmarks in this study: –Traffic lights, pedestrian lights, gas station, public house

7. Method Apparatus: Land Rover Freelander direction arrow, distance countdown bar, road name Auditory prompts: landmarks or distance to turn information

8. Experiment 2(age) x 2(information) x 8 (manoeuvre) 32 participants –Young(21-40) & older(55 and over) Time: 40 mins Speed limit: 50 kph Dependent variable: navigation performance, workload, driver confidence, and driver attitudes

9. Route: South of Leicester, UK 37 driver decision points in 17.5 km Manoeuvres:8 target + 25 en-route

10. Results—visual behavior Visual glance

11. Results—visual behavior

13. Results—driver confidence

14. Results—driving errors

15. Results—navigation performance

16. Results—driver workload NASA-RTLX (Hart and Staveland, 1998) – 心智負荷 (Mental Demand) – 動作負荷 (Physical Demand) – 時間壓力（ Temporal) – 精力耗費 (Effort) – 挫折感 (Frustration Level) – 表現績效與滿意度 (Performance)

17. Results—driver attitudes Both younger and older drivers stated that navigation system is helpful for wayfinding in unfamiliar area. Both of them prefer using a navigation system as their usual means of navigating.