1. Growth Regulators Original by Libby Astrachan Modified by Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Office- July 2004 Modified by Georgia Organics 2008

2. Plant Hormones Natural (made by plants) – also called hormones Synthetic (man-made) Also called PGRs (plant growth regulators) Purposes: start growth, stop growth, modify growth & development

3. 5 Known Plant Hormones: Auxins (ox ins) Gibberellins (jib ber ill ins) Cytokinins (site oh kine ins) Ethylene (eth el een) Abscisic acid (ab sis ick) Hormones may act individually or together

4. Auxins Stem elongation Produced in tips of stems (“B” in photo) Migrate from cell to cell in stems

5. Phototropism – ability to bend towards light Auxins - responsible for plants bending towards light. Auxins - move down shaded side of the stem and cause cells to elongate

6. Gravitropism (geotropism) – plant response to gravity Auxins – responsible for plant response to gravity Auxins – move to lowest side and cause stem tissue to elongate – stem curves upwards

7. Apical dominance Auxins – move down the stem from the terminal bud and inhibit growth of side shoots

8. Pinching Pinching - removing the terminal bud Pinching - stops flow of auxins down the stem and allows side shoots to develop Produces bushy, well- branched crops

9. Root development Auxins encourage root development in cuttings Some plants produce plenty of auxins to make rooting cuttings easy Other plants need synthetic auxins such as IBA

10. Gibberellins Cell elongation and cell division Stimulate development of flowers (as in “gibbing” camelias) Cause internodes to stretch Produced in stem and root apical meristems, seed embryos, young leaves

11. Internode Elongation Gibberellins cause internodes to stretch in relation to light intensity. High light intensity = no stretch Low light intensity = long internodes. Leaves are raised to capture light

12. Problems with Internode Elongation Greenhouse problem – plants spaced too closely to one another Plants shade one another – results in stretching, less compact plants, weaker stems, loss in value $$$

13. Cytokinins Cell division (used in tissue culture) Cell differentiation (used in tissue culture for plant organ formation) Formation of callus tissue Delay aging process in plants Produced in roots Transported through xylem Still being researched

14. Cytokinins vs. Auxins In stems – auxins inhibit lateral shoots, cytokinins promote lateral shoots In roots – auxins promote root branching, cytokinins inhibit root branching Work together to control cell differentiation and cell division

15. Ethylene Gas Colorless gas Produced in nodes of stems, ripening fruits, dying leaves

16. Ethylene exposure Thickens stems Breaks down chlorophyll Weakens cell membranes Softens cell walls

17. The Holly and the Ethylene

18. Abscisic Acid – The Plant Stress Hormone Growth inhibiting hormone Responsible for seed dormancy Responsible for closing stomata during drought

19. Growth Regulators Rooting Compounds – increase rooting % speed rooting increase number, quantity of roots increase uniformity of roots

20. Rooting compounds Rooting Compounds – Instead of synthetic rooting compounds, try willow water Strip leaves and terminal stems from present year’s growth of any willow species and soak in water for 24 hours. Soak cuttings for 24 hours in willow water before sticking in medium Water with willow water