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1 Chapter 8 Solutions Solubility Percent Concentration Colloids and Suspensions
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2 Solute and Solvent Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances Solute The substance in the lesser amount Solvent The substance in the greater amount
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3 Formation of solutions
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4 Nature of Solutes in Solutions Spread evenly throughout the solution Cannot be separated by filtration Can be separated by evaporation Not visible, solution appears transparent May give a color to the solution
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5 Types of Solutions air O 2 gas and N 2 gas gas/gas soda CO 2 gas in water gas/liquid seawater NaCl in water solid/liquid brass copper and zinc solid/solid
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6 Formation of solutions - solvation Cl - Na + Cl - Na + H2OH2O H2OH2O Cl - solute Dissolved solute Hydration
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7 Formation of solutions - creating like-like interactions Water Most common solvent A polar molecule O - a hydrogen bond H +
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8 Formation of solutions - creating like-like interactions
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9 When NaCl(s) dissolves in water, the reaction can be written as H 2 O NaCl(s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) solid separation of ions in water
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10 Formation of solutions - creating like-like interactions Solid LiCl is added to some water. It dissolves because A. The Li + ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom( -) of water 2) hydrogen atom( +) of water B.The Cl - ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom( -) of water 2) hydrogen atom( +) of water Solid LiCl is added to some water. It dissolves because A. The Li + ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom( -) of water B.The Cl - ions are attracted to the 2) hydrogen atom( +) of water
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11 Solubility The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent usually 100 g. g of solute 100 g water
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12 Saturated and Unsaturated A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve. Undissolved solute remains. An unsaturated solution does not contain all the solute that could dissolve
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13 Learning Check At 40 C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g H 2 O. Indicate if the following solutions are (1) saturated or (2) unsaturated A. ___60 g KBr in 100 g of water at 40 C B. ___200 g KBr in 200 g of water at 40 C C. ___25g KBr in 50 g of water at 40 C
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14 Solution At 40 C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g H 2 O. Indicate if the following solutions are (1) saturated or (2) unsaturated A. 2 Less than 80 g/100 g H 2 O B. 1 Same as 100 g KBr in 100 g of water at 40 C, which is greater than its solubility C. 2 Same as 60 g KBr in 100 g of water, which is less than its solubility
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15 Temperature and Solubility of Solids TemperatureSolubility (g/100 g H 2 O) KCl(s)NaNO 3 (s) 0°27.6 74 20°C34.0 88 50°C42.6114 100°C 57.6182 The solubility of most solids (decreases or increases ) with an increase in the temperature.
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16 Temperature and Solubility of Solids TemperatureSolubility (g/100 g H 2 O) KCl(s)NaNO 3 (s) 0°27.6 74 20°C34.0 88 50°C42.6114 100°C 57.6182 The solubility of most solids increases with an increase in the temperature.
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17 Temperature and Solubility of Gases TemperatureSolubility(g/100 g H 2 O) CO 2 (g)O 2 (g) 0°C0.340.0070 20°C0.170.0043 50°C0.0760.0026 The solubility of gases (decreases or increases) with an increase in temperature.
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18 Temperature and Solubility of Gases TemperatureSolubility(g/100 g H 2 O) CO 2 (g)O 2 (g) 0°C0.340.0070 20°C0.170.0043 50°C0.0760.0026 The solubility of gases decreases with an increase in temperature.
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19 Learning Check A. Why would a bottle of carbonated drink possibly burst (explode) when it is left out in the hot sun ? B. Why would fish die in water that gets too warm?
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20 Solution A. Gas in the bottle builds up as the gas becomes less soluble in water at high temperatures, which may cause the bottle to explode. B. Because O 2 gas is less soluble in warm water, the fish may not obtain the needed amount of O 2 for their survival.
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21 Soluble and Insoluble Salts A soluble salt is an ionic compound that dissolves in water. An insoluble salt is an ionic compound that does not dissolve in water
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22 Solubility Rules 1. A salt is soluble in water if it contains any one of the following ions: NH 4 + Li + Na + K + orNO 3 - Examples: soluble salts LiCl Na 2 SO 4 KBr Ca(NO 3 ) 2
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23 Cl - Salts 2. Salts with Cl - are soluble, but not if the positive ion is Ag +, Pb 2+, or Hg 2 2+. Examples: solublenot soluble(will not dissolve) MgCl 2 AgCl PbCl 2
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24 SO 4 2- Salts 3. Salts with SO 4 2- are soluble, but not if the positive ion is Ba 2+, Pb 2+, Hg 2+ or Ca 2+. Examples: solublenot soluble MgSO 4 BaSO 4 PbSO 4
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25 Other Salts 4. Most salts containing CO 3 2-, PO 4 3-, S 2- and OH - are not soluble. Examples: solublenot soluble Na 2 CO 3 CaCO 3 K 2 SCuS
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26 Learning Check Indicate if each salt is (1)soluble or (2)not soluble: A. ______ Na 2 SO 4 B. ______ MgCO 3 C. ______ PbCl 2 D. ______ MgCl 2
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27 Solution Indicate if each salt is (1) soluble or (2) not soluble: A. _1_ Na 2 SO 4 B. _2_ MgCO 3 C. _2_ PbCl 2 D. _1_ MgCl 2
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28 Molarity (M) A concentration that expresses the moles of solute in 1 L of solution Molarity (M) = moles of solute 1 liter solution
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29 Units of Molarity 2.0 M HCl = 2.0 moles HCl 1 L HCl solution 6.0 M HCl= 6.0 moles HCl 1 L HCl solution
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30 Molarity Calculation NaOH is used to open stopped sinks, to treat cellulose in the making of nylon, and to remove potato peels commercially. If 4.0 g NaOH are used to make 500. mL of NaOH solution, what is the molarity (M) of the solution?
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31 Calculating Molarity 1) 4.0 g NaOH x 1 mole NaOH = 0.10 mole NaOH 40.0 g NaOH 2) 500. mL x 1 L _ = 0.500 L 1000 mL 3. 0.10 mole NaOH = 0.20 mole NaOH 0.500 L 1 L = 0.20 M NaOH
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32 Learning Check A KOH solution with a volume of 400 mL contains 2 mole KOH. What is the molarity of the solution? 1) 8 M 2) 5 M 3) 2 M Drano
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33 Solutions A KOH solution with a volume of 400 mL contains 2 moles of KOH. What is the molarity of the solution? 2) 5 M M = 2 mole KOH = 5 M 0.4 L Drano
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34 Learning Check A glucose solution with a volume of 2.0 L contains 72 g glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). If glucose has a molar mass of 180. g/mole, what is the molarity of the glucose solution? 1)0.20 M 2)5.0 M 3)36 M
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35 Solution A glucose solution with a volume of 2.0 L contains 72 g glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). If glucose has a molar mass of 180. g/mole, what is the molarity of the glucose solution? 1)72 g x 1 mole x 1 = 0.20 M 180. g 2.0 L
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36 Molarity Conversion Factors A solution is a 3.0 M NaOH.. Write the molarity in the form of conversion factors. 3.0 moles NaOH and 1 L NaOH soln 1 L NaOH soln 3.0 moles NaOH
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37 Learning Check Stomach acid is a 0.10 M HCl solution. How many moles of HCl are in 1500 mL of stomach acid solution? 1) 15 moles HCl 2) 1.5 moles HCl 3) 0.15 moles HCl
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38 Solution 3) 1500 mL x 1 L = 1.5 L 1000 mL 1.5 L x 0.10 mole HCl = 0.15 mole HCl 1 L (Molarity factor)
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39 Learning Check How many grams of KCl are present in 2.5 L of 0.50 M KCl? 1) 1.3 g 2) 5.0 g 3) 93 g
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40 Solution M4 3) 2.5 L x 0.50 mole x 74.6 g KCl = 93 g KCl 1 L 1 mole KCl
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41 Learning Check How many milliliters of stomach acid, which is 0.10 M HCl, contain 0.15 mole HCl? 1) 150 mL 2) 1500 mL 3) 5000 mL
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42 Solution 2) 0.15 mole HCl x 1 L soln x 1000 mL 0.10 mole HCl 1 L (Molarity inverted) = 1500 mL HCl
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43 Learning Check How many grams of NaOH are required to prepare 400. mL of 3.0 M NaOH solution? 1)12 g 2)48 g 3) 300 g
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44 Solution 2) 400. mL x 1 L = 0.400 L 1000 mL 0.400 L x 3.0 mole NaOH x 40.0 g NaOH 1 L1 mole NaOH (molar mass) = 48 g NaOH
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AmountVolumeConcentration 12mol100L 6mol5.0L 1.2mol0.100molL -1 0.0023mol4.30molL -1 300mL0.632molL -1 100mL8molL -1 1.25mol20L 0.010mol0.38L Learning Check
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ChemicalMolar mass MassAmountVolumeConcentration NaCl 100g1.00L HCl 5.00g1.33L HNO 3 1.20mol3.00molL -1 NaOH 2.00mol0.101molL -1 Ca(OH) 2 1.32kg500mL K 2 Cr 2 O 7 100mg20mL KMnO 4 20g6.00x10 - 2 mol 1.00molL -1 Na 2 S 2 O 3 0.38g1.22x10 -4 mol 0.225molL -1 Learning Check
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