1. PRIME: P2P Receiver-drIven MEsh based Streaming Nazanin Magharei, Reza Rejaie University of Oregon http://mirage.cs.uoregon.edu Presenter Jungsik Yoon 2009. May. 4 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 1

2. Introduction One-to-many “streaming” of live multimedia content over the Internet is very popular, e.g. IPTV P2P overlays offer a promising approach for scalable streaming of live content over the Internet Goal: Maximizing delivered quality to individual peers in a scalable fashion Challenges: Bandwidth heterogeneity & asymmetry, churn A common approach is to push sub-streams of content through multiple trees => limited scalability Pull content delivery is a promising alternative  Can we design a pull-based content delivery for live P2P streaming that scales with the no of peers? 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 2

3. Mesh-based P2P Streaming 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 3 Overlay Construction: Peers form a randomly connected mesh Content Delivery: periodic reporting + pull requesting (swarming) Key component: a packet scheduling mechanism at each peer determines which packets should be pulled from each parent File swarming mechanisms (e.g. BitTorrent) leverages the availability of the entire file & the elastic nature of the content – Distribute pieces of a file among different peers – Peers exchange (swarm) their available pieces with each other  Peers’ outgoing bandwidth can be effectively utilized  scalable  How can swarming be incorporated into live P2P streaming?

4. Mesh-based P2P Streaming 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 4 Incorporating a swarming content delivery into live P2P streaming is challenging because: – Swarming does not accommodate in-time requirement of “streaming” content delivery – Live streaming provides limited amount of content for effective swarming Status of existing mesh-based approaches: A couple of mesh-based P2P streaming mechanisms have been presented, e.g. CoolStreaming, ChainSaw Various extensions of BitTorrent that incorporate timing Few systems that claim to do this

5. This paper examines how swarming content delivery can be incorporated into live P2P streaming explores fundamental design tradeoffs between overlay connectivity, peer population, packet scheduling, buffer requirement at each peer,... presents a methodology to identify performance bottlenecks Using a new mesh-based P2P mechanism, called PRIME Our focus is on live streaming 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 5

6. Swarming Content delivery Parents progressively report their available content Packet scheduling mechanism at each peer periodically (once per  sec) determines packets to be pulled from each parent – All connections are congestion controlled (RAP or TFRC) – To accommodate bandwidth heterogeneity, content is MDC encoded Live source generates a new segment of length  once every  sec – segment: packets of all descriptions with timestamps within [t 1,t 1 +  ] Peers delay their playout time by  sec behind source to accommodate swarming – each peer buffer at least  sec worth of content  What is the proper packet scheduling mechanism to maximize delivered quality and minimize buffer requirement at individual peers? 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 6 2 1 3 6 5 4 Source t p =130sec t p =100sec  = 30 sec

7. Performance bottlenecks Goal: each peer expects to receive maximum deliverable quality through its access link Two possible performance bottlenecks that may limit the delivered quality to each peer 1. Bandwidth bottleneck: Insufficient aggregate bandwidth from all parents 2. Content bottleneck: Insufficient useful content from all parents How to decouple bandwidth and content bottleneck? – At each packet transmission time, if there is no outstanding requested packet to send, parents send a marked packet with the same size as data packet  How can we minimize these bottlenecks? 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 7 p2 p3p1 c Incoming Access-link

8. Addressing bandwidth bottleneck Prior studies often assumed a fix peer degree Bandwidth bottleneck only depends on overlay topology – Incoming/outgoing bandwidth & degree of participating peers Avg. BW for a connection between parent p and child c: MIN (outbw p /outdeg p, inbw c /indeg c ) BW-Degree Condition: for any peer i, j ; outbw i /outdeg i = inbw j /indeg j = bwpf  All connections in the overlay have roughly the same average bandwidth  This leads to a high BW utilization for all participating peers especially in heterogeneous scenarios (see simulation results in the paper) What is a good ratio of bandwidth to degree? 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 8 Performance bottleneck c p outdeg p indeg c

9. Addressing content bottleneck Content bottleneck depends on both overlay topology & content delivery data unit = bwpf  Each parent peer should have at least one useful data unit per interval  for each one of its child peer to avoid content bottleneck The availability of new data units at each parent peer is determined by global pattern of content delivery Global pattern depends on the collective behavior of packet scheduling mechanisms at individual peers  What global pattern of delivery minimizes content bottleneck among peers? – What packet scheduling leads to the desired global pattern? 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 9 Performance bottleneck

10. Global pattern of content delivery Organized View: Group peers into levels based on their shortest distance from source See the paper for more details on this Intuitively, the pattern of delivery for a segment that minimizes content bottleneck has 2 phases: – Diffusion phase: All participating peers should receive a data unit of the segment as fast as possible – Swarming phase: Peers can exchange (swarm) their data units with each other until they receive their desired quality of the segment 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 10 Addressing content bottleneck Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 2 13 6 75 4 12 13 9 10 11 8 SRC

11. Diffusion phase of a segment Fastest time for pulling all data units of a segment from source to the lowest level = depth  sec  All peers in a subtree rooted at a peer in level 1 receive the same data unit in a diffusion phase - diffusion subtree  The number of diffusion subtrees is equal to the source degree 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 11 Global pattern of content delivery 2 1 3 6 75 4 12 13 9 10 11 8 Source

12. Swarming phase of a segment Only swarming parents on different diffusion subtrees can rapidly provide a new data unit Swarming phase at individual peers may take one or more intervals depending on the location of their swarming parents How many intervals is sufficient for swarming? K min = minimum # of swarming intervals for which 90% of peers quality > 90%  Total number of intervals for delivery of a segment (  min ) = diffusion intervals (depth) + swarming intervals (K min ) 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 12 Global pattern of content delivery 213 67 5 4 [t 0  t 0 +3  ][t0+3 ,t0+4  ]

13. Packet scheduling The collective behavior of packet scheduling in individual peers leads to the desired global pattern of content delivery Should identify timestamp, then parent and description for each packet 1. New packets  from diffusion parent(s) 2. Playing packets  from swarming parents 3. Swarming packets  from swarming parents See the paper for further details 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 13 Addressing content bottleneck tptp t max-last t max  Playing win. Swarming win. New win.  Source’s playout time Target quality

14. Performance Evaluation Using ns2 simulator to properly examine the effect of packet level dynamics and packet loss Use BRITE topology generator with 10 AS and 10 routers in each AS RED queue management on all routers Bandwidth bottlenecks are at the edge Use RAP as a congestion control mechanism Encoded streams with MDC with 160 kbps BW/decs BW-Degree condition is enforced in all simulations  is set to 6 sec Two scenarios: 200 peers with homogeneous and symmetric bandwidth: – scenario 700: peers’ access link BW: 700 kbps, max. quality: 5 descriptions – scenario 1.5: peers’ access link BW: 1.5 Mbps, max. quality: 10 descriptions Focus on the behavior of the system in steady state 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 14

15. What is a proper peer degree?  depth + 3, K min is fixed across different degrees A sweet range of peer degrees to achieve good performance Low degree: limited diversity of available content leads to content bottleneck  does not depend on peer’s BW High degree: high loss rate leads to content bottleneck  depends on bwpf thus peer BW 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 15 Evaluation – overlay properties Degree % of population with quality > 90%

16. Duration of each phase depth slowly decreases independent of peer’s bandwidth By increasing degree from 4 to 6, K min reaches to its minimum value of 3 Further increase in peer degree increases K min 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 16 Overlay Properties K min Degree Depth

17. Pattern of content delivery Average path length decreases with peer degree due to the decrease in depth Distribution of path length becomes more homogeneous due to the increase in diversity among parents Lost packets are requested from the same swarming parent 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 17 Overlay Properties Avg. hop count CDF 700 kbps scenario

18. Bandwidth heterogeneity How are the delivered quality and buffer requirements for high bandwidth peers affected by the presence of low BW peers? None of the following factors has a significant effect on performance Degree of BW heterogeneity Fraction of high bandwidth peers Location of high bandwidth peers 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 18 Overlay Properties

19. Peer population How does the buffer requirement at each peer (  ) change with peer population? depth gradually increases by peer population Swarming intervals (K min ) does not change with peer population since the number of diffusion subtrees is fixed   min gradually increases with population  scalability 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 19 Evaluation Interval Peer population BW = 700 kbps Degree = 6

20. Conclusions Presented PRIME, a new protocol for live P2P mesh- based streaming of live content Illustrated several key design tradeoff s in incorporating swarming sketched a methodology to identify performance bottlenecks Ongoing Work: – Incorporating contribution awareness into mesh-based streaming – Systematic evaluations of packet scheduling mechanisms – Dynamic addition of resources to offer QoS – Distributed, uncoordinated P2P video caching 11/11/2015 Reza Rejaie INFOCOM 07 20