1. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH

2. The Skull 2

3. Norma Verticalis

4. Superior aspect of the skull
Sutures:
-Coronal ↓Bregma
-Sagittal
-Lambdoid
↓Lambda
Parietals:
-parietal foramens
-parietal eminences
Frontal:
Frontal eminences
Occipital
Norma Verticalis
Superior aspect of the skull

5. Norma Verticalis

6. Calvaria
Emissary foramen- small, inconsistent (not always present) foramina for passage of emissary veins
Bregma- is the landmark formed by the intersection of the sagittal & coronal sutures
Lambda-is the landmark formed by the intersection of the sagittal & lambdoid sutures
Bregma
Coronal
suture
Sagittal
suture
Emissary
foramen
Lambdoid
suture
Lambda

7. Infant Calvaria
Anterior Fontanelle (soft spot) is the future site of the bregma
By about 18 months- the surrounding bones fuse together and is no longer palpable
Posterior Fontanelle is triangular and marks the future site of the lambda
Fusion of surrounding bones occurs by about 6 months
Anterior
fontanelle
Posterior
Fontanelles- membranous gaps (soft spots) in skull that permit growth

8. Norma Occipitalis

9. Norma Occipitalis (Post. Aspect)
Landmarks:
-External occipital protuberance
-Inion
-Ext. occipital crest
-Sup. & Inf. (Highest)Nuchal lines
Sutures:
-Sagital suture
-Lambdoid suture
*Lambda
Bones:
-Occipital
-Parietals
-Mastoid process
Norma Occipitalis
(Post. Aspect)

10. Norma Occipitalis

12. Norma frontalis

13. (Anterior aspect of the skull)
Bones:
Frontal
-Zygomatic
-Maxillae
-Mandible
-Nasal
Regions (cavities):
-Nasal
-Orbit
-Oral
Norma Frontalis
(Anterior aspect of the skull)

15. Norma Frontalis

16. Frontal Bone
Squamous (flat) portion forms the skeleton of the forehead
Fontal bone forms the roof of the orbit
Nasion is an area where the frontal bone intersects with the nasal bones
Glabella- smooth, slightly depressed area located just superior to the nasion
Frontal
Bone
Frontal
bone
Nasion
Glabella
Squamous
portion
Glabella
Nasion
Orbital
portion

17. Frontal Bone
Supraorbital margin- marks the boundary between the squamous and orbital portions
Supraorbital notch or foramen is for the passage of the supraorbital nerve and vessels
A prominent ridge just superior to the supraorbital margin is the superciliary arch (more pronounced in males)
Zygomatic process of the frontal bone articulates with the zygomatic bone
Supraorbital
notch
Superciliary
arch
Zygomatic
process
Supraorbital
margin

18. Zygomatic Bones Cheek bones
Forms a portion of the lateral wall of the orbit
Frontal Process of the zygomatic bone articulates with the frontal bone
Temporal process of the zygomatic bone articulates with the temporal bone
Zygomaticofacial foramen- small foramen for passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve
Frontal
process
Temporal
Zygomaticofacial
foramen

19. Maxillae Forms the upper jaw
Alveolar processes of the maxillae includes the sockets and supporting bone for the maxillary teeth
Maxillae form the floor of the orbit
Large infraorbital foramen for passage of the infraorbital nerve & vessels
Surrounds most of the pear-shaped piriform aperture
Infraorbital
foramen
Alveolar
process
Piriform
aperture
Maxilla

20. Maxillae
Frontal processes of the maxillae articulates with the frontal bone
Zygomatic processes of the maxillae articulates with the zygomatic bones
Anterior nasal spine- sharp prominence at inferior aspect of the piriform aperture
Intermaxillary suture- site where the two maxilla are united in the median plane
frontal
process
Anterior
nasal
spine
Intermaxillary
suture
Zygomatic

21. Seen within the piriform aperture are the scrolled middle nasal conchae (part of the ethmoid bone) & the inferior nasal conchae
Vomer bone along with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone which together form the bony nasal septum can also be identified with the piriform aperture
Vomer
Middle &
Inferior
concha
Perpendicular
plate

22. Osteology of the Orbit Seven bones articulate to make each orbit:1 2 3 4 5 7
medial
lateral
superior
inferior
Seven bones articulate to make each orbit:
Frontal
Zygomatic
Maxillary
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Palatine
Sphenoid 6

23. Orbit Sup. Orbital fissure Roof: -Orbital plate of the frontal bone
-Lesser wing of the sphenoid
Lateral wall:
-Zygomatic
-Sphenoid
Orbit
Inf. Orbital fissure
Medial wall:
Maxillae
-Lacrimal
-Ethmoid
-Sphenoid
Floor:
-Maxilla
-Zygomatic
(Infraorbital groove & canal)
-Palatine

24. Osteology of the Orbit
Optic canal- transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
Superior orbital fissure- transmits CN III, IV, V1 & VI
Inferior orbital fissure & groove- transmits the infraorbital vessels & nerve
Anterior & posterior ethmoidal foramina- transmits vessels & nerves with same name
Inferior
orbital
fissure &
groove
Optic canal
Superior
fissure
Ethmoidal
foramina

27. Nasal cavity Roof: -Frontonasal -Ethmoidal -Sphenoidal Medial wall:
Nasal septum:
-Perpendicular plate of he ethmoid
-Vomer
Lateral wall:
Irregular, conchae:
-Superior
-Middle
-Inferior
Nasal cavity
Floor:
-Palatine process of the maxilla
-Horizontal plate of the palatine

30. Dr Namavar

31. Dr Namavar