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Published byBenjamin Bishop Modified over 9 years ago
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Memory Short-Term Memory activated memory that holds a few items briefly look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten Long-Term Memory the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system Memory Championships, pi, test your memorypi
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Memory Sensory Memory the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system Working Memory focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
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A Simplified Memory Model External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Sensory input Attention to important or novel information Encoding Retrieving
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Encoding Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 Spacing Effect distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice
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Encoding 20 15 10 5 0 8162432425364 Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 Number of repetitions of list on day 1
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Encoding: Serial Position Effect 12 Percent age of words recalled 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Position of word in list 1234567891011 Serial Position Effect--tendency to recall best the last items in a list
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What Do We Encode? Semantic Encoding encoding of meaning including meaning of words Acoustic Encoding encoding of sound especially sound of words Visual Encoding encoding of picture images
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Encoding
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Hierarchies complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories Encoding (automatic or effortful) Imagery (visual Encoding) Meaning (semantic Encoding) Organization ChunksHierarchies
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Chunking…
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Storage: Sensory Memory Iconic Memory a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second Tests of George Sperling Tests of George Sperling Echoic Memory momentary (3-4 sec) sensory memory of auditory stimuli
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Storage: Short-Term Memory Short-Term Memory limited in duration and capacity “magical” number 7+/-2 (Miller, 1956) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 369121518 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) Percentage who recalled consonants
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Storage: Long-Term Memory How does storage work? Karl Lashley (1950) – Searching for “engrams” rats learn maze lesion cortex test memory Synaptic changes – “The Brain” Clip“The Brain” Clip Long-term Potentiation (LTP) increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation Strong emotions make for stronger memories
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Stress Hormones and Memory Stress hormones aide memory Hormone surge alert brain that something important has happened. Physical or psychological pain, trauma create surge Rat study – shot of hormones with a leg shock Creates a very strong memory Biological evidence for why emotional memories are stronger.
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Stress Hormones and Memory Stress hormones block and destroy memory Prolonged stress corrodes neural connections Memories can be blocked by stress hormones Rats trying to find a hidden target Public speaking
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Storage: Long-Term Memory Amnesia--the loss of memory Retrograde Amnesia – mass forgetting of old information Antrograde Amnesia – inability to form new memories Oliver Sacks – “Jimmie” (earth from the moon example), H.M., Clive Wearing Childhood Amnesia – Why? (3 min) Childhood Amnesia – Why? Amnesiacs demonstrate 2 forms of memory…
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Storage: Long-Term Memory Amnesiacs Deny having seen an article and then read it faster Deny abilities to solve puzzle then complete it easily Childhood Amnesia – must have implicit memory in tact Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory) memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” Episodic Memory – personally experienced events Semantic Memory – facts, general knowledge Implicit Memory (Non-declarative Memory) retention independent of conscious recollection Skills (procedural memory), classical-conditioned responses
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Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grZuwo_YlY0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grZuwo_YlY0 Long-Term Memory hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage Processes explicit memories – then sent to multiple different regions. Hippocampus
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Memory & Stress zhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHl7B ewJ0yU&NR=1&feature=fvwphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHl7B ewJ0yU&NR=1&feature=fvwp
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Storage: Long-Term Memory zCerebellum Process implicit memories
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