2. Pancreas

4. Two cell types to produce: 1. digestive enzymes – exocrine acini 2. hormones – islets of Langerhans 1 – 2% of pancreas are the islets of Langerhans

5. Islets of Langerhans Two hormones are produced: 1. insulin – beta cells 2. glucagon – alpha cells blue = cell nuclei green = insulin red = glucagon

6. Insulin Function When is insulin released? after eating hyperglycemia beta cells cellular signals for insulin release decreased blood sugar increased glucose uptake glycogen production in liver

7. Glucagon Function What does glucagon do? breaks down glycogen hypoglycemia alpha cells cellular signals for glucagon release increased blood sugar glucose release from liver glucose production in liver

8. Blood Sugar Diseases Three types of diabetes: 1. Diabetes Mellitus - Type 1 2. Diabetes Mellitus - Type 2 3. Diabetes Insipidus

9. Diabetes Mellitus – Type I also known as juvenile diabetes Cause Symptoms Treatment

10. Diabetes Mellitus – Type II formerly known as adult-onset diabetes Cause Symptoms Treatment

11. Diabetes Insipidus Cause Symptoms Treatment

12. Canadian Connection Frederick Banting & Charles Best Nobel Prize – 1923 insulin isolation tied off ducts to digestive tract cell producing digestive enzymes shrivelled only islets of Langerhans remained

13. Hormone Structure Insulin peptide hormone glucagon peptide hormone

15. Adrenal Glands adrenal – “next to” the renal system Two main sections: 1. adrenal cortex  long-term stress 2. adrenal medulla  short-term stress

16. Adrenal Gland

17. Adrenal Cortex Long-term stress sends ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) pituitaryadrenal cortex Produces two types of hormones: 1. glucocorticoids 2. mineralcorticoids ACTH

18. 1. Glucocorticoids class of steroid hormones for glucose regulation specific example: cortisol What happens when you’re stressed out?

19. 2. Mineralcorticoids class of steroid hormones for mineral regulation specific example: aldosterone What happens when you’re stressed out?

20. Adrenal Medulla Short-term stress detected by hypothalamus Produces two hormones: 1. epinephrine (adrenaline) 2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline) both compounds are examples of catecholamines, which are also neurotransmitters

21. Hormone Structures epinephrine hydrophilic norepinephrine hydrophilic

22. Flight-or-Fight Response What’s your response? increased heart rate increased breathing blood vessel dilation  more O 2 delivery iris dilation  collect maximum visual information these responses are induced by catecholamine release