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The Effects of 1 Year of Specific Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients With COPD Aim: We assessed the long-term benefits of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on inspiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity, the perception of dyspnea, quality of life, primary care use, and hospitalizations in patients with significant COPD. Patients: Forty-two consecutive COPD patients with FEV 1 < 50% of predicted were randomized into a group that received IMT for 1 year, and a control group that received training with a very low load. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in inspiratory muscle strength (at the end of the third month of training) as assessed by maximal inspiratory pressure (from 71 ± 4.9 to 90 ± 5.1 cm H 2 O [± SEM], p < 0.005) and 6-min walk distance (at the end of the third month of training; from 256 ± 41 to 312 ± 54 m; p < 0.005), a decrease in the mean Borg score during breathing against resistance (at the end of the ninth month of training), improvement in the health-related quality-of-life scores (at the end of the sixth month of training) in the training group but not in the control group. At the end of the training year, these changes were maintained; in addition, a decrease in primary health-care use and hospitalization days was observed. Conclusions: Our study shows that during IMT in patients with significant COPD, there is an increase in exercise capacity, improvement in quality of life, and decrease in dyspnea. Our study also provides evidence that long-term IMT can decrease the use of health services and hospitalization days. Abstract Marinella Beckerman, MD; Rasmi Magadle, MD; Margalit Weiner, PhD; and Paltiel Weiner, MD Beckerman M, Magadle R, Weiner M, Weiner P. The Effects of 1 Year of Specific Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients With COPD. Chest. November 2 2005;128;3177-3128 Background/Intro Subjects: Forty-two consecutive COPD patients with FEV(1) < 50% of predicted were randomized into a group that received IMT for 1 year, and a control group that received training with a very low load. Study Design: -Measurements were taken before, at 3mo, 6mo,9mo, and 12mo after the training period. -The study was double blinded and all of the data was collected by the same investigator. -Study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Tests Spirometry-FVC and FEV were measure three times on a computerized spirometer and the best trial was reported. Six Minute Walk Test- The distance the patient was able to walk in 6 minutes was determined in a measure corridor as described for the 12-min walk test by Mcgavin and coworkers. Pt. was instructed to at their fasters pace and cover the longest distance possible over 6min. The test was performed twice and the best result was reported. Inspiratory Muscle Strength: Inspiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuring the maximal inspiratory pressure (Pimax) at residual volume, as described by Black and Hyatt. The value obtained from the best of the least three efforts was used. Dyspnea-The perception of dyspnea was measured as the patient rated the sensation of difficulty in breathing through the same device proposed by Nickerson and Keens using a modified Borg Scale. Health Related Quality of Life-This was measured by the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) Training Protocol: -Subjects trained daily in 2 sessions of 15 minutes each, 6x/week for 12 months. -The subjects started breathing at a resistance that required generation of 15% of Pimax for 1 week. The load was then increased 5 to 10% each session, to reach generation of 60% of Pimax at the end of the first month. IMT was then continued at 60% of the Pimax adjusted monthly to the new Pimax achieved. -During the first month training was performed in their rehabilitation center than it was followed by home training, verified by a respiratory daily by phone and once weekly by a personal visit for the next 11 months. -The control group trained for the same session at a fixed load that required generation of mouth pressure of 7cm H2O. Data Analysis: Comparisons of the dependent variables between the two groups were carried out using a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Materials and Methods -The attendance rate of the study was 63±7% in the training group and 59±8% in the control group. -Spirometry- No statistically significant change in the FEV or FVC in the training and control groups. -Inspiratory Muscle Strength- At 3 months there was a statistically significant increase in Pimax in the training group from 71 to 90 cm H2O but not in the control group. During the next 9 months the training group continued to show a small increase in Pimax (to 94.7,97.2,100.8 cm H2O after 6,9, and 12 months respectively. -6MWT- Statistically significant increase in the 6MWT in the training group from 256 to 312 m, p<.005 but not in the control group. During the next 9 months the training group continued to show small increases in the 6 MWT while there was almost no change in the control group with a significant difference between the groups (p<.01) -POD- There was a gradual decrease in the mean Borg score during breathing against resistance in the study group but not in the control group. The difference became statistically significant at the end of the 9 th month (p<.05). This difference was maintained until the end of the study. -Health Related Quality of Life- The total scores significantly improved in the study group compared to the control group (p<.01). This difference was maintained until the end of the study. Primary Care Consultation and Hospital Admissions-11 pts in the study group and 13 pts. in the control group were hospitalized at lease once during the study. There was a significant difference between the group in the average days spent in the hospital (8.6±1.0 days in the study group vs. 11.1±1.1 days in the control group, p<.05) The total time spent in the hospital was 156 days in the study group compared to 222 days spent in the control group. Results Clinical Significance -Patients with COPD will benefit from participating in a pulmonary rehab program that integrates IMT training into the protocol -Benefits included improvements in clinically important outcomes such as exercise tolerance, perception of dyspnea, inspiratory muscle strength, and overall health related quality of life. Conclusions In conclusion the articles presented show that a rehabilitation program that includes specific inspiratory muscle training can be beneficial to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in numerous outcome measures that are beneficial to a patients outcome after their plan of care is complete. Article 1 and Evidence Hill K, Jenkings S.C., Philippe D.L., Cecins N, Shepherd K.L., Green D.J., Hillman D.R., Eastwood P.R. High-intensity aspiratory muscle training in COPD. European Respiratory Journal. 2006; 27: 1119-1128 Article: High –intensity inspiratory muscle training in patients with COPD Findings: High intensity IMT training improves inspiratory muscle function in patients with chronic COPD, yielding a reduction in the perception dyspnea and fatigue. -COPD is a major public health problem. -It limits normal physical activities of daily living, affects quality of life, and is a major cause for hospital admissions. 1 1 -In addition, once a COPD patient is hospitalized and discharged, approximately one half of the patients are readmitted to the hospital during the following year. 3 3 -Patients with significant COPD have inspiratory muscle weakness that may contribute to dyspnea and exercise intolerance. 910. 910 -The Joint American College of Chest Physicians/American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Committee 4 declared that when the stimulus or load placed on the respiratory muscles during training is sufficient to augment inspiratory muscle strength, there is an associated increase in exercise capacity and decrease in dyspnea. 4 -In the present study, we hypothesized that long-term IMT for 1 year could significantly improve inspiratory muscle performance, the sensation of dyspnea, exercise performance, quality of life, and reduce use of health services and hospital admissions in patients with significant COPD. -This study shows that in pts. With significant COPD, IMT results in an increase in the inspiratory muscle strength. -The latest meta-analysis suggest that IMT reduces exertional dyspnea in pts. with COPD. -When the training stimulus is adequate there is an associated in crease in exercise capacity, improvement in quality of life, and decrease in dyspnea. -Long term IMT can have benefits in terms of health status in pts with COPD. The benefits from an inspiratory muscle training improvements in clinically important outcomes such as exercise tolerance, perception of dyspnea, inspiratory muscle strength, and overall health related quality of life. Though these improvements were noted in all three of my articles there are still limitations to the literature on these type of training program. As a result of these findings clinically we should consider using inspiratory muscle training programs when working with patients who have a diagnosis of COPD to ensure a positive outcome. Shoemaker J. Michael, Donker Sarah, Lapoe Ashley. Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The State of the Evidence. Cariopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal. September 2009; 20: 5-15 Article: Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The State of the Evidence Findings: IMT appears to improve dyspnea, walking test distance, and health related quality of life in individuals with COPD, but it is not clear whether is mediated through improvement in inspiratory muscle strength and endurance. There are several considerations in this article that are critical to the design of the future trials. The purpose of this study was to determine if 1 year of specific IMT could significantly improve inspiratory muscle performance, the sensation of dyspnea, exercise performance, quality of life, and reduce the use of health services and hospital admissions in patients with significant COPD. Summary Article 2 and Evidence Discussion Purpose