1. Learning Objectives To understand the strengths, limitations and factors that affect different countries’ fertility rates.

2. Fertility rate: the average number of children each woman in a population will bear ItalyFranceUKGermanyUSA IndiaIraqNigerJapanSeychelles Order these countries from 1-10 from the most fertile to the least fertile (2011) 1 st = 7.752 nd = 3.863 rd = 2.68 5 th = 2.056 th = 1.987 th = 1.668 th = 1.419 th = 1.31 10 th = 1.214 th = 2.40

3. Globally, fertility rates are one of the most important indicators used to evaluate population growth. The fertility of countries varies greatly and for many different reasons. Fertility rate

4. Task: Describe the global distribution of fertility rates. Refer to the main patterns, and use examples of specific regions and countries. Fertility rates (2013)

5. Why do fertility factors vary? In sub-Saharan countries, the infant mortality rate is often as high as 100/1000. That’s the equivalent of one child in every ten dying before they reach the age of 1. Families have up to 8-9 children. In more developed regions, improved healthcare and sanitation have reduced infant deaths. No need for large families to secure future. Death rates Comparison of infant mortality rates: Niger = 149/1000UK = 5.1/1000 (Niger fertility rate: 7.75) (UK fertility rate: 1.66)

6. Why do fertility factors vary? In many developing countries, cultural expectations often creates large families. High rates of reproduction – status of women. Women start child-bearing from their mid teens - long reproductive periods. By contrast, in Italy the average 1 st time mum is 34 years old. Tradition In Vietnam, 92% of women who had 2 children said they did not want any more. In Nigeria, by contrast the figure was only 4%!

7. Why do fertility factors vary? Access to and knowledge of birth control. Contraceptives are now more widely used in developing countries. Family planning is not always desired. Barriers include lack of funding for supplies and education programmes. Educated women with higher literacy levels have greater access to employment and opportunities. Careers are often priority. Education In Rwanda, only 10% of women practice a modern method of family planning. In Brazil at least 70% are known to. Rwanda fertility rate = 4.81 Brazil fertility rate = 1.82

8. Why do fertility factors vary? Both Islam and the Roman Catholic Church oppose the use of artificial birth control. Despite this, and despite the presence of the Pope, Italy has one of the world’s lowest fertility rates at only 1.4 This suggest that there are perhaps some Italians who do regularly use contraception! Religion

9. Why do fertility factors vary? A population with a high number of young people. During their child-bearing years more babies will be born. Developing countries population growth is far greater than developed regions. Influenced by migrants. Age structure Niger has the youngest age structures in the world, with 50% of its population under the age of 15

10. Why do fertility factors vary? Family life, including marriage and childbearing and is strongly influenced by social class. Income and wealth play a role in shaping family structures. Social class Social caste is very important in India. As socio-economic status increases, so does the use of birth control measures.

11. Why do fertility factors vary? Children in developing countries are considered an economic asset. They are producers rather than consumers. In more developed regions, children seen as an expense! Economy Economic uncertainty in eastern Europe has affected couples’ family choices. Fertility rate in Poland is 1.3

12. Why do fertility factors vary? Several countries have attempted to influence population growth in recent years. Politics China’s One Child policy 170 weeks maternity and paternity leave in Germany

13. Task: Create a table or mind map to show your ideas. Use your notes to help you. Is fertility rate a good indicator of economic development? A possible exam question! What are the advantages (strengths) and disadvantages (weaknesses) of using fertility rate to indicate a country’s level of development?

14. Is fertility rate a good indicator of economic development? Strengths High = need for more children, farming, financial asset High = traditions more prevalent in LEDCs High = indication of high infant death, more children needed to replace – result of poor healthcare, sanitation, etc. High = lack of resources to educate about birth control High = lower career opportunities for women Weaknesses Influenced by policies Influenced by age structure LEDC figures less reliable