1. Women in Markets A Systems Perspective Some Things to Consider Presented by Mary Morgan For CARE International July 1, 2015 www.economicsunplugged.com

2. Institutions = Rules of the Game Institutions are humanly devised to structure interaction and improve efficiency.

3. Institutional Economics Paradigm Levels of Institutions in an Economy Oliver Williamson, 2000 Source: Williamson, O.E., 2000. The new institutional economics: Taking stock, looking ahead. Journal of Economic Literature, 38 (3), pp. 595-613. Customs, traditions, norms Informal Institutions-gender, ethnicity, class, religion 1. Embeddedness Formal rules – property, Law (Judiciary) Economics of property rights 2. Institutional Environment Transaction cost economics Contracts – aligning governance structures with transactions 3. Governance Prices, incentives Agency 4. Resource Allocation & Employment

4. Social Regulation All economic behavior is influenced by social institutions, which motivate the behavior of all the actors in the market (Harriss-White 1998).

5. Dominant Economic Paradigm Neoclassical Economics

6. Market Systems A bounded context Includes actors and institutions directly or indirectly engaged in the system public and private actors a dynamic space

7. Guiding Questions What is the market system telling us? Is it a women’s market system or a man’s market system? Why are women working in those markets? Where are women working in the market system? What access do they have to TA? What market systems include women?

8. What are women doing in the system?

9. Systems Thinking Elements Feedback Feedback' exists between two parts when each affects the other (Ashby, p. 53) In complex systems, where most of our work occurs, several parts affect each other, and it is not possible to isolate the feedback between two parts– one can only look at the whole and start to map out the feedback loops

10. Feedback No investment in inputs No accessible input supplies Low quality/quantity product No interested buyers No accessible/approp riate financial products R 10

11. Leverage Places (points) in a complex system where a small shift to one element can influence change in the whole system Points of power Could be information flows, incentives, rules, reducing delays, flow of resources Meadows, D.,1999. Leverage points: Places to intervene in a system [online]. Hartland, Vermont: The Sustainability Institute. Available from: http://www.sustainer.org/pubs/Leverage_Points.pdf [ http://www.sustainer.org/pubs/Leverage_Points.pdf [

12. Feedback Investment in inputs Accessible input supplies Quality/quantity product Interested buyers Accessible/approp riate financial products R - - - - Facilitate Rural Distribution B + Facilitate Rural Procurement + Delay + Increase - Decrease B Facilitate financial products B + + 12

13. Boundary of System Not just transactions!!!!! Establishes a limit to the system’s functions and internal processes: input – process – output One market system can be interconnected with other systems

14. Campbell, R.,2014. Framework for Inclusive Market System Development [online]. Washington, DC: USAID-Leveraging Economic Opportunities (LEO). Available from: https://www.microlinks.org/library/framework-inclusive-market-system- development https://www.microlinks.org/library/framework-inclusive-market-system- development

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