1. From Farm to Factory

2. Term applied to this era by Mark Twain Gilded: Covered thinly with gold paint Twain view American prosperity during this era was the gold layer American social ills was what the gold layer was hiding

3. America had certain advantages that propelled it to be the worlds leading industrial power The gov’t supported the expansion of business America had vast resources A growing labor supply and expansion of markets The emergence of new technology

4. Nation goes from the farm to the city Agrarian to Industry Not good for the farmer The worker Becomes part of the cog rather than an individual

5. Edwin L. Drake Used steam engine to drill for oil Made process easier Oil Boom Importance It lubricated the new machines of industry Will later take on new importance as a fuel source

6. Henry Bessemer 1856: Invents a process to turn Iron into Steel Wanna know how? Ask a scientist Invention will revolutionize America

7. Iron was the metal Rust and breaks easily Remove carbon from Iron = Steel Stronger, rust resistant Uses Railroad is the biggest- rails, engines, cars Barbed wire for farms Structures- bridges, buildings

8. Inventions that make life easier Thomas Alva Edison Electricity- 1876 Christopher Sholes Typewriter- 1867 Alexander Graham Bell Telephone- 1876 Coast to Coast in 1915

9. Transcontinental New Towns and Businesses Between 1870-1880 the RR laid 40,000 miles of new track Farmers Land grants meant for farmers go to railroads Different rates for different customers Granger Laws Fixed rates Munn v. Illinois Supreme Court upholds laws

10. Andrew Carnegie Steel J.P. Morgan Banking John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Cornelius Vanderbilt Steam Ships George M. Pullman Rail Cars Started the first American Company town

11. Vertical Purchase companies at all levels of production Horizontal Purchase all competing companies in same industry All this equals MONOPOLY

12. Also named “Taylorism” The author of the idea Frederick Winslow Taylor Principle idea: Efficiency Reduce time an labor costs Each person has a specific job Think assembly line

13. Father of the idea as applied to business is Herbert Spencer Applies Darwin’s ideas to society Free competition promotes human progress Pits society against itself Strongest rise to the top Weak perish Deserve to be poor

14. Written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 Counteracts the ideas of Social Darwinism Principle Idea: The wealthy have a responsibility to use philanthropy to help less fortunate Hospitals Colleges and schools Libraries Arts and entertainment

15. Sort of a mix of Social Darwinism and Gospel of Wealth Very popular during the Gilded Age Especially with the working classes Theme of books: Rising from humble means to wealth Hard work Determination Never forget where you came from Give back

16. NLU-National Labor Union- 1866 Won 8 hr. work day Knights of Labor- 1868 Opened to all- race or gender 8 hour work day and equal pay for equal work AFL- American Federation of Labor- 1886 Craftsman Union Collective bargaining- group negotiations Used strikes as major tactic

17. Industrial Unions- ARU & IWW- Led by Eugene V. Debs Leading American Socialist Wanted to do away with Capitalism Gov’t owned and operated business 1892- won strike for higher wages

18. Great Strike of 1877- B&O Railroad Began July 1877- Stopped rail traffic across country Ended Aug. 2 1877- Federal troops called in threatened interstate commerce Like most strikes at RR it was caused by anarchists infiltrating unions

19. Haymarket Affair- McCormick Harvester Plant- May 4, 1886 Rioters gather in Haymarket Square after striker is killed by police Police arrive- a bomb is thrown- police open fire Public turns against labor movement Leads to go’vt intervention in labor affairs

20. Homestead Strike 1892 and Pullman Strike 1894 Strikers clash with Pinkerton Detectives and Scabs Both start because of management order pay cuts to some, but not all employees

21. Secret society of Irish- American Miners in Penn. Used terrorist tactics to intimidate coal operators Will later be crushed by the Pinkertons

22. Ludlow Massacre Colorado Fuel and Oil Co. Owned by Rockefeller Strike because of pay and conditions Evicted from company town Set up camp outside Ludlow April 20, 1914 Militia & company guards surround tent city and open fire 11 women an children killed

23. Failure failed strike would crush a Union Government Industries used Sherman Anti-Trust against Unions strike would interfere with interstate commerce Public Opinion Strike led to hire prices for goods Anarchist conditions