1. Development of independent Ukraine (1994-2010). Plan 1. Presidency of Leonid Kuchma and the problems of socio-economic development of Ukraine. 2. “Orange revolution” and its consequences. 3. Presidency of Viktor Yushchenko. 4. Presidency of Viktor Yanukovych. Domestic and foreign policy of Ukraine.

2. Presidency of Leonid Kuchma and the problems of socio-economic development of Ukraine. Leonid Kuchma:  was elected as a president in 1994 and 1999  was criticized for:  concentrating too much of power in his office  corruption  transferring public property into hands of loyal oligarchs

3.  discouraging free speech  killing in 2000 of journalist Georgiy Gongadze  signed a "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Partnership" with Russia  referred to Russian as "an official language“  signed a special partnership agreement with NATO and even raised the possibility of membership of the alliance

4. Leonid Kravchuk Leonid Kuchma

6. Georgiy Gongadze

7.  The Constitution of Ukraine was adopted on June 28, 1996  the hryvnia was introduced in 1996  Viktor Yushchenko was appointed as a prime minister  Yushchenko became an opposition leader after his dismissal as prime minister in 2001  Kuchma's Prime Minister from 2002 until early January 2005 was Viktor Yanukovych

8. “Orange revolution” and its consequences. The Orange Revolution:  was a series of protests and political events  took place from late November 2004 to January 2005  resulted from the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election which was claimed to be corrupted  was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience, sit-ins, and general strikes

9.  succeeded when the results of the original run-off were annulled, and a revote was ordered  ended with the inauguration of Yushchenko on January 23, 2005 in Kiev

10. Official results of the November 21 vote for each territory.

11. Change in claimed turnout between the 1st and 2nd rounds of the election according to the Central Election Commission.

12. Results of the December 26, 2004 repeated run-off presidential election.December 262004 Orange denotes provinces where Yushchenko won the popular vote. Blue represents provinces where Yanukovych led in the popular vote.

13. Viktor Yanukovych Viktor Yushchenko

15. Protesters at Independence Square on the first day of the Orange Revolution.Independence Square

16. Blue-clad miners rally in support of Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych in Kiev.

17. An orange ribbon, a symbol of the Ukrainian Orange Revolution. Ribbons are common symbols of non-violent protest.orange ribbon

18. Presidency of Viktor Yushchenko. Domestic and foreign policy of Ukraine.  On September 8, 2005, Yushchenko fired his government led by Yulia Tymoshenko  In August 2006, Yushchenko appointed Viktor Yanukovych, to be the new Prime Minister  On April 2, 2007, Yushchenko signed an order to dissolve the parliament

19.  Ukraine's stated national policy is Euro- Atlantic integration, including with both NATO and the European Union (EU).

20. Yulia Tymoshenko a Ukrainian politician and current Prime Minister of Ukraine.Prime Minister of Ukraine one of the key leaders of the Orange Revolution. a successful but controversial businesswoman in the gas industry a candidate in the presidential elections in 2010presidential elections in 2010

21. Presidency of Viktor Yanukovych. Domestic and foreign policy of Ukraine.  In 2009, Yanukovych announced his intent to run for President in the upcoming presidential election.  Yanukovych won the election with 48.95% of the vote compared with 45.47% for Tymoshenko.  On April 21, 2010 in Kharkiv Yanukovych and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed the 2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty

22.  The main priority of the foreign policy is to integrate Ukraine "into the European mainstream", while improving relations with Russia.  Regarding the European Union Yanukovych wants to create a free trade zone and visa- free travel between Ukraine and the EU countries.  According to Yanukovych, relations between Ukraine and Russia in the gas sector must be built “according to the rules of the market”.

23. Government and politics  Ukraine is a republic under a mixed semi- parliamentary semi-presidential system with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches.republicsemi-presidential systemlegislativeexecutivejudicial  The President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal head of state.Presidenthead of state  Ukraine's legislative branch includes the 450-seat unicameral parliament, the Verkhovna Rada.unicameral Verkhovna Rada

24.  The parliament is primarily responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the Cabinet of Ministers, which is headed by the Prime Minister.Cabinet of MinistersPrime Minister  The Supreme Court is the main body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction.Supreme Court  The European Union offered an Association Agreement with Ukraine in September, 2008. The country is a potential candidate for future enlargement of the European Union.European UnionAssociation Agreementfuture enlargement of the European Union

25. Verkhovna RadaVerkhovna Rada, the Parliament of Ukraine

26. Administrative divisions  Ukraine is subdivided into twenty-four oblasts (provinces) and one autonomous republic, Crimea. oblastsprovincesautonomous republicCrimea  The 24 oblasts and Crimea are subdivided into 490 raions (districts), or second-level administrative units.Crimearaionsdistricts  n total, Ukraine has 457 cities, 176 of them are labeled oblast-class, 279 smaller raion- class cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type settlements and 28,552 villages.

28. Geography  At 603,700 kilometres² (233,074 sq mi) and with a coastline of 2,782 kilometres (1,729 mi), Ukraine is the world's 44th- largest country (after the Central African Republic, before Madagascar).sq mi44th- largest countryCentral African RepublicMadagascar  It is the second largest country in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before metropolitan France).second largest country metropolitan France

29.  The Ukrainian landscape consists mostly of fertile plains (or steppes) and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the Dnieper (Dnipro), Seversky Donets, Dniester and the Southern Buh as they flow south into the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov.steppesDnieperSeversky DonetsDniester Southern Buh Black SeaSea of Azov  The country's only mountains are the Carpathian Mountains in the west, of which the highest is the Hora Hoverla at 2,061 m (6,762 ft), and those on the Crimean peninsula, in the extreme south along the coast. Carpathian MountainsHora HoverlaftthoseCrimean

30. View of Yalta from the coast of the Black Sea.Black Sea

31. Azov sea coast near Kerch.

32. The Dnieper River seen atop a hill in Kiev, Ukraine. KievUkraine

35. Economy  With the collapse of the Soviet system, the country moved from a planned economy to a market economy.planned economy market economy  Ukraine produces nearly all types of transportation vehicles and spacecraft.spacecraft  The country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas, and to a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier.oilnatural gas

36.  The World Bank classifies Ukraine as a middle- income state. [World Bank [  Significant issues include underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy.  Ukraine produces nearly all types of transportation vehicles and spacecraft.spacecraft  Ukraine is recognised as a world leader in producing missiles and missile related technology.

37. The building of the National Bank of UkrainebuildingNational Bank of Ukraine

38. Ukrainian oblasts (provinces) by monthly salaryoblasts monthly salary

40. Culture  Ukrainian customs are heavily influenced by Christianity, which is the dominant religion in the country. Christianity  The tradition of the Easter egg, known as pysanky, has long roots in Ukraine.Easter egg pysanky  In the city of Kolomya near the foothills of the Carpathian mountains in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine action.Carpathian mountainsSeven Wonders of Ukraine

41.  Popular traditional dishes include varenyky (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese or cherries), borsch (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat) and holubtsy (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots and meat). holubtsy

42. A collection of traditional pysanky from Volynpysanky Volyn

43. The Pysanka Museum, Kolomiya, Ukraine

44. 1. Sofiyivsky Park 1. Sofiyivsky Park in Uman, Cherkasy OblastUmanCherkasy Oblast

45. It was founded in 1796 by Count Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, a noble Polish szlahtich. The park is named after his Greek wife Sofia and was built in 1802. It's one of the world famous garden-park art creations. There are many scenic areas in the park including waterfalls, fountains, ponds and a stone garden. It is one of the most famous examples of late 17th or early 18th century European landscape garden design that has been preserved to the present time.CountStanisław Szczęsny Potockiszlahtic

46. 2. Kiev Pechersk Lavra2. Kiev Pechersk Lavra (Monastery of the Caves) in KievKiev

47. Since its foundation as the cave monastery in 1015 the Lavra has been a prominent center of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Eastern Europe. Together with the Saint-Sophia Cathedral, it is inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.cave monastery 1015Eastern Orthodox ChristianityEastern EuropeSaint-Sophia CathedralUNESCO World Heritage Site Currently, the jurisdiction over the site is divided between the state museum, National Kyiv- Pechersk Historic-Cultural Preserve, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church as the site of the chief monastery of that Church and the residence of its leader, Metropolitan Volodymyr. Ukrainian Orthodox ChurchMetropolitan Volodymyr

48. 3. Kamianets-Podilskyi Historical Complex3. Kamianets-Podilskyi Historical Complex in Kamianets-Podilskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast Kamianets-PodilskyiKhmelnytskyi Oblast

49. An old street in Kamianets-Podilskyi's old town quarter.

50. The Stephen Báthory Gate is part of the city's old fortification complex.Stephen Báthory

51. 4. Khortytsia [8] 4. Khortytsia [8] in Zaporizhia, Zaporizhia OblastZaporizhia Zaporizhia Oblast

52. Nowadays, Khortysia is designated a national museum. The rural landscape of the island features the Zaporizhian Cossack Museum and a Cossack horse show. The museum building is modern, nestling low in the landscape with dramatic views of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station to the north.Zaporizhian CossackMuseumDnieper Hydroelectric Station The museum contains exhibits dating from the Stone Age through the Scythian period (c.750 - 250 BC) down to the 20th century, including a model of the Pecheneg ambush which claimed the life of Svyatoslav in 972 and a panorama representing the Battle for Zaporizhia, fought during World War II on October 14, 1943.ScythianWorld War IIOctober 141943

53. 5. Chersonesos [9] 5. Chersonesos [9] in Sevastopol

54. Chersonesos was an ancient Greek colony founded approximately 2500 years ago in the southwestern part of Crimea, known then as Taurica. The colony was established in the 6th century BC. Chersonesos' ancient ruins are presently located in one of Sevastopol's suburbs. The buildings mix influences of Greek, Roman and Byzantine culture. The defensive wall is hundreds of meters long. Buildings include Roman amphitheatre and a Greek temple.ancient GreekCrimea TauricaRomanByzantineamphitheatre

55. 6. Saint Sophia Cathedral [10] 6. Saint Sophia Cathedral [10] in KievKiev

56. 7. Khotyn Fortress [11] 7. Khotyn Fortress [11] in Khotyn, Chernivtsi Oblast KhotynChernivtsi Oblast

57. The Khotyn Fortress is a fortification complex located on the shores of the Dniester River in Khotyn, Chernivtsi Oblast of western Ukraine. Construction on the current fortress was started in 1325, while major improvements were made in the 1380s and in the 1460s.Dniester KhotynUkraine The fortress is a large tourist attraction for the area and Ukraine. It is also a National Ukrainian Architectural Preserve as of 2000.

58. Language  According to the Constitution, the state language of Ukraine is Ukrainian.Constitutionstate language  According to the 2001 census, 67.5 percent of the population declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6 percent declared Russian.  Most native Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language.  Ukrainian is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine.  In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used  In eastern and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and surzhyk is used in rural areas.

59. Percentage of native Ukrainian speakers by subdivision

60. Demographics  According to the Ukrainian Census of 2001, ethnic Ukrainians make up 77.8% of the population.Ukrainian Census of 2001Ukrainians  Other significant ethnic groups are Russians (17.3%), Belarusians (0.6%), Moldovans (0.5%), Crimean Tatars (0.5%), Bulgarians (0.4%), Hungarians (0.3%), Romanians (0.3%), Poles (0.3%), Jews (0.2%), Armenians (0.2%), Greeks (0.2%) and Tatars (0.2%).RussiansBelarusiansMoldovansCrimean TatarsBulgariansHungariansRomaniansPolesJews ArmeniansGreeksTatars

61.  The industrial regions in the east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2 percent of the population lives in urban areas.  Ukraine is considered to be in a demographic crisis due to its high death rate and a low birth rate.  A factor contributing to the relatively high death is a high mortality rate among working-age males from preventable causes such as alcohol poisoning and smoking.mortality ratealcohol poisoningsmoking

62.  To help mitigate these trends, the government continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments of 12,250 hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 hryvnias for the second and 50,000 hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154 hryvnias per child.ryvnias

63. Lilacs in the Central Botanical Garden, with Vydubychi Monastery and the Left Bank of Kiev in the background.Vydubychi Monastery

64. E40E40, the longest of all European routes, going through Kiev.European routes

65. General view of the Andriyivskyy Descent with the Castle of Richard Lionheart on the left and the St Andrew's Church in the background.Castle of Richard LionheartSt Andrew's Church

66. This ensemble of authentic windmills is the centrepiece of a 1.5 square kilometres (0.58 sq mi) open air Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of Ukrainewindmillsopen air

67. Fire safety is a significant concern as most of the museum's structures are wooden, and many houses have thatched roofs.thatched roofs

68. View of the historic Old Town of Lviv.Old Town

69. A Lviv tram on a small cobblestone sidestreet in the Old Town.Lviv tramcobblestone

70. The Lviv Opera and Ballet Theatre, an important cultural centre for residents and visitors.Lviv Opera and Ballet Theatre

71. Lychakivskiy Cemetery, 2007

72. Kharkiv's Freedom Square.Freedom Square

73. Religion  The dominant religion in Ukraine is Eastern Orthodox ChristianityEastern Orthodox Christianity  A distant second by the number of the followers is the Eastern Rite Ukrainian Greek Catholic ChurchEastern RiteUkrainian Greek Catholic Church  Additionally, there are 863 Roman CatholicRoman Catholic  Protestant Christians also form around 2.19 percent of the population. Protestant Christians  Other groups include Calvinists, Lutherans, Methodists and Seventh-day Adventists. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon Church) is also present.CalvinistsLutherans MethodistsSeventh-day AdventistsThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsMormon

74. The ruins of an ancient Greek theatre. Chersonesus, Sevastopol.Chersonesus

75. Ruins of Panticapaeum. 6th century BC (Kerch)

76. Yenikale fortressYenikale fortress. Built by the Turks in the 18th (Kerch)

77. The Massandra Palace near Yalta is one of the official residences of Ukraine.Massandra PalaceYaltaUkraine

78. Swallow's NestSwallow's Nest, a symbol of Crimea, one of the best-known, romantic castles near Yalta. It was built in 1912 in the Neo-Gothic style by the order of the German Baron Stengel. YaltaNeo-Gothic

79. The Hansaray, succession home of the Crimean Khans, in Bakhchisaray.Hansaray Crimean KhansBakhchisaray

80. The Greek colony of Chersonesos, Sevastopol.Chersonesos Sevastopol

81. Genoese fortress of Caffa in Feodosia

82. View of the Sevastopol port.

83. Bay of Sudak.Sudak

84. View of Yalta and the surrounding Crimean Mountains, as seen from the "Tsar's Path".Crimean Mountains

85. The front façade of the Livadia Palace, located in the town of Livadiya, used for the Yalta Conference during World War II.Livadia Palace LivadiyaYalta ConferenceWorld War II

86. References :  1. Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1988).Subtelny  2. Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002).Andrew Wilson  3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003).  4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996).  5. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes.Mykhailo Hrushevsky