1. Chapter 9 Genetic Engineering

2. Genetic engineering: moving a gene from one organism to another – Making insulin and other hormones – Improving food – Changing animals – Also called “gene splicing”

3. Insulin Insulin was the first protein from recombinant DNA technology used in human medicine insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels R DNA tech also used to produce hepatitis B vaccine Insulin was the first protein from recombinant DNA technology used in human medicine insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels R DNA tech also used to produce hepatitis B vaccine

4. 9-1 Recombinant DNA recombinant DNA: combines genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule

5. Making Recombinant DNA 1. Use restriction enzymes: cut DNA molecules at specific locations – recognizes a specific nucleotide sequences and cuts at the backbone at specific points – “sticky end” – the cut leaves a strand of DNA hanging so that the sticky ends of two pieces can be joined together

6. Get a Plasmid 2. Get a plasmid: a small, circular DNA molecule separate from the much larger bacterial chromosome – Bacteria can copy and share with other bacteria – Some carry plasmids that carry genes that make them resistant to antibiotics

7. Mix DNA 3. Mix DNA from different organisms. Add human pieces to the plasmid to make a new DNA molecule 3. Mix DNA from different organisms. Add human pieces to the plasmid to make a new DNA molecule

8. 9-2 Genetic Engineering genetically modified organism(GMO): any organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means transgenic: the source of the new genetic material is a different species

9. Vaccines Vaccine: a harmless form of a pathogen Pathogen: (germs) microorganism that causes disease Vaccines work by letting your body know what pathogen to look for so it can kill it Vaccine: a harmless form of a pathogen Pathogen: (germs) microorganism that causes disease Vaccines work by letting your body know what pathogen to look for so it can kill it

10. DNA Fingerprint DNA fingerprint: an individual’s unique banding pattern on an electrophoresis gel, determined by restriction fragments of the person’s DNA – Probability of two people having identical genetic markers is small—somewhere between one chance in 100,000 and one chance in 1,000,000,000