2. Rhetoric The art of speaking, writing and communicating effectively. Rhetoric is a tool writers and speakers use in order to influence the judgment or feelings of the readers and listeners.

3. Extending a metaphor through an entire narrative so that objects, persons, and actions in the text are equated with meanings that lie outside the text. Def: Extending a metaphor through an entire narrative so that objects, persons, and actions in the text are equated with meanings that lie outside the text. Avatar, Pilgrim’s Progress, Lord of the Flies Ex: Avatar, Pilgrim’s Progress, Lord of the Flies

4. Def: REPETITION of similar sounds at the beginning of a phrase (usually CONSONANTS) Ex: S he s ells s ea s hells by the s ea s hore.

5. Ex: Now, if you don’t win, I don’t want to hear any sour grape remarks. (This refers to one of Aesop’s fables.) Def: literary, historical, religious, or mythological REFERENCE

6. Ex: For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven: a time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck upwhat is planted Def: REPITION of the same WORDS/PHRASES at the beginning of clauses

7. Def: CONTRASTING ideas presented in balanced grammatical structure Ex: one SMALL STEP for man, one GIANT LEAP for mankind.

8. Def: short, witty life lesson OR statement designed to make a point of a commonly held belief Ex: “Children should be seen, not heard.”

9. Ex: Mirror, Mirror, on the wall – Who is the fairest of them all? Def: Speaking to someone NOT present, or to an OBJECT

10. Def: REPETITION of similar VOWEL sounds in the middle of words Ex: T i lt i ng at the w i ndm i lls.

11. Def: CONJUNCTIONS are OMITTED Ex. I came, I saw, I conquered NOT withconjunctions

12. Def: figure of speech where first half of terms are REVERSED in the second half. Ex: “He thinks I am but a fool. A fool, perhaps I am.”

13. Def: SLANG in a certain region, or informal/ unprofessional diction. Ex: YA’LL Things Stuff

14. Def: IMPLIED, underlying meaning of a word Def: DICTIONARY DEFINITION of a word

15. Def: REPETITION of CONSONANT SOUNDS at the end of words Ex: p itt er -p att er s pli sh - s pla sh

16. Def: WORD CHOICE High level, low level, emotional, vehement, etc.

17. Def: KINDER way of expressing something UNPLEASANT I need to poop! I need to use the bathroom! OR

18. Def: EXTREME EXAGGERATION Look, there’s an allusion too!

19. Def: SENSORY DETAIL to evoke feeling or emotion or to describe; the 5 senses Ex: “Her cheeks were rosy and so was my love – bursting with fragrance and softness.”

20. AN IMPLIED DIFFERENCE. VERBAL: Difference between what is said and what is meant SITUATIONAL: Difference between what you are led to expect and what actually happens DRAMATIC: Difference between what one character knows and what the audience knows (We know something the character does not know.) Clarification: If I say, “Gee, I really wish it would snow,” and it starts snowing immediately, that is apropos (too perfect). It is NOT ironic. (There is no DIFFERENCE between what I wanted and what happened.)

22. Def: UNDERSTATEMENT by negating the opposite. I am not a tiny man. Your temperature is not quite normal.

23. ETHOS: authority/ shared values LOGOS: logic PATHOS: emotion

24. Direct: A sea of troubles. OR Indirect: His depression was vast, swelled by troubles that perpetually crested and fell. Def: comparison WITHOUT USING LIKE OR AS

25. Def: A CLOSELY ASSOCIATED object represents something Instead of “king of fast food,” CROWN of fast food.

26. Narration Description Exposition (cause/effect) (comparison/contrast) Argumentation Way info. is presented:

27. Def: sounds!

28. Def: CONTRADICTING description Jumbo shrimp Mighty weakness Cold heat Pitiful privilege

29. Def: statement that SEEMS completely contradictory but really is TRUE Ex: Standing is more tiring than walking Differs from oxymoron: Oxymoron is descriptive phrase peaceful war Paradox is whole idea War is peace.

30. Def: giving object/animal some HUMAN features Ex: Pillsbury Dough Boy—He laughs, he cooks, he shops, he talks, he acts entirely human. Def: Making object/ animal act like a HUMAN Ex: As the turtle retreated into her shell, she cried. (She still acts like a turtle, but she has human features too.)

31. Def: question asked merely for effect, NOT expected to be answered "Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution?" (H. L. Mencken)

32. Def: Usually hurtful or personally attacking. Such as CRITICAL PRAISE. Def: human failings/ negative societal attitudes are RIDICULED, sometimes by false agreement or praise.

33. He is as pretty as your mom. Def: comparison using LIKE OR AS

34. Def: person, place, or thing that REPRESENTS something Ex: Golden Arches represent McDonald’s

35. Def: PART of an object represents the WHOLE I GOT NEW WHEELS  I GOT A NEW CAR

36. The way words and sentences are arranged. Sentences can be short and choppy or long and flowing. Pay close attention to the punctuation.

37. Def: author’s FEELINGS/ Tone of voice in his piece of writing