1. Video

2. Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356- 370. Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture? Hughes et. Al By Ryan Heflin and Suzie Banda

3. Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356- 370. The Study Goal: Goal: measure whether nature or nurture has a greater influence on the expression of a persons theory of mind (ToM) measure whether nature or nurture has a greater influence on the expression of a persons theory of mind (ToM) Theory of Mind Theory of Mind A person’s ability to understand that another human being’s actions are influenced by that other human being’s subjective perception of the world (i.e. beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions). A person’s ability to understand that another human being’s actions are influenced by that other human being’s subjective perception of the world (i.e. beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions).

4. Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356- 370. Procedure: Twin Study Sample Sample 1,116 twin pairs; 56% monozygotic 44% dizygotic 1,116 twin pairs; 56% monozygotic 44% dizygotic 5 years old 5 years old Measure: Questionaire Measure: Questionaire

5. Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356- 370. Results: Monozygotic and Dizygotic correlations were identical (r=.53)

6. Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356- 370. Noteworthy Points Significant Environmental Influences on ToM Significant Environmental Influences on ToM Verbal Abilities Correlate with ToM Development Verbal Abilities Correlate with ToM Development

7. Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356- 370. Weaknesses in Argument Conflicts with another twin study of a similar nature Conflicts with another twin study of a similar nature

8. Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356- 370. Test Questions What is Theory of Mind? What is Theory of Mind? A) One’s ability to recognize others as having subjective perceptions of the world. A) One’s ability to recognize others as having subjective perceptions of the world. B) Philosophical question of the relationship between the mind and the brain. B) Philosophical question of the relationship between the mind and the brain. C) Theory behind how one acquires language. C) Theory behind how one acquires language. Which of the following was not one of the aims of the Individual Differences in Theory of Mind study? Which of the following was not one of the aims of the Individual Differences in Theory of Mind study? A) To examine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in ToM in twins A) To examine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in ToM in twins B) To explore the possible overlap between influences on individual differences in ToM and verbal ability B) To explore the possible overlap between influences on individual differences in ToM and verbal ability C) To study individual differences in ToM between twins separated at birth C) To study individual differences in ToM between twins separated at birth Which of the following environmental influences affect the development of ToM? Which of the following environmental influences affect the development of ToM? A) The presence of siblings A) The presence of siblings B) Cultural differences B) Cultural differences C) mind-mindedness (mother’s sensitivity to a child’s perception of the world) C) mind-mindedness (mother’s sensitivity to a child’s perception of the world) D) All of the above D) All of the above A person’s theory of mind develops only from environmental influences A person’s theory of mind develops only from environmental influences True or false True or false In the ToM Twin Study they measured ToM, SES, and verbal abilities? In the ToM Twin Study they measured ToM, SES, and verbal abilities? True or False True or False Monozygotic Twins are identical and share 100% of their genes? Monozygotic Twins are identical and share 100% of their genes? True or False True or False

9. Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356- 370. Answers What is Theory of Mind? What is Theory of Mind? A) One’s ability to recognize others as having subjective perceptions of the world. A) One’s ability to recognize others as having subjective perceptions of the world. B) Philosophical question of the relationship between the mind and the brain. B) Philosophical question of the relationship between the mind and the brain. C) Theory behind how one acquires language. C) Theory behind how one acquires language. Which of the following was not one of the aims of the Individual Differences in Theory of Mind study? Which of the following was not one of the aims of the Individual Differences in Theory of Mind study? A) To examine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in ToM in twins A) To examine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in ToM in twins B) To explore the possible overlap between influences on individual differences in ToM and verbal ability B) To explore the possible overlap between influences on individual differences in ToM and verbal ability C) To study individual differences in ToM between twins separated at birth C) To study individual differences in ToM between twins separated at birth Which of the following environmental influences affect the development of ToM? Which of the following environmental influences affect the development of ToM? A) The presence of siblings A) The presence of siblings B) Cultural differences B) Cultural differences C) mind-mindedness (mother’s sensitivity to a child’s perception of the world) C) mind-mindedness (mother’s sensitivity to a child’s perception of the world) D) All of the above D) All of the above A person’s theory of mind develops only from environmental influences A person’s theory of mind develops only from environmental influences True or false True or false In the ToM Twin Study they measured ToM, SES, and verbal abilities? In the ToM Twin Study they measured ToM, SES, and verbal abilities? True or False True or False Monozygotic Twins are identical and share 100% of their genes? Monozygotic Twins are identical and share 100% of their genes? True or False True or False