1. Understanding of Norms: a developmental context

2. 3 Function of norms  coordinating actions, beliefs, feelings, expectations  Norms represent social facts – normative facts of what makes sense to do (= rational)  Norms provide (justified) reasons for action

3. 4 Normative action  a human disposition to act, believe and feel in ways that are guided by norms  a disposition to experience certain feelings when norms are violated (correlated in self and other)

4. 5 Domains of norms Fundamental distinction between moral and social norms  Moral norms (morally permissible/good or blameworthy/wrong actions in view of principles of fairness/justice and solidarity)  Social/conventional norms (arbitrary norms e.g. eating-, dressing codes, traffic rules)  prudential norms (goal oriented instrumental action)

5. 6 Domain mixture  Social norms are arbitrary but: they can be moralized (e.g. religious norms, Shweder)  Morality can be the basis of some conventional norms (for ex. politeness)  (some) legal norms (e.g. contractual norms) are rooted in moral norms

6. 7 Cognitive basis of norm following  Capacity to accept norms as fundamental human (biological) adaptation  norms imply coordinated expectations about behavior moral prescriptive: what we (rightly) ought to expect from each other in specific situations (theory of mind, perspective coordination)

7. 8 Motivational basis of norm following Norms provide good/justified reasons for action  Internal motivation:  internalisation of norm = to have a motivational and emotional disposition to follow/not to violate the norm  moral self and identity, self respect  External motivation  Obedience to authority, feelings of security and group belongingness, moral admiration

8. 9 Norm violation  norms require more or less strict orientation of individual actors  correspondingly, violation of norms is punished/sanctioned more or less strictly  external sanctions: sanction by law, public opinion  internal sanctions: conscience, shame/guilt

9. 10 Emotional dispositions in norm violation  Disposition to certain feelings, evaluations and actions which are coordinated/correlated in self and other  Emotions in violator:  external: fear of punishment (physical – social exclusion)  internal: fear of shame/guilt  Emotions in victim/observer: anger, moral indignation, outrage, blame, resentment, disappointment  Reconciliation, compensation, apology, forgiveness

10. 11 Development of understanding of norms involves cognitive processes  Theory of mind, perspective differentiation and coordination understanding feelings, motives, expectations But: rationally understanding a norms and obligations does not necessarily imply following them.

11. 12  Development of moral sensitivity  Cultivation of moral feelings  Development of moral motivation Development of moral self/identity

12. 13 Social experiences and development of a sense of fairness or justice  Developed (cultivated) under certain social and historical conditions  Experiencing just institutions (family, school, societal institutions, see Rawls)  If situations deviate from normative standards perceived as fair the sense of justice may be violated and situations evaluated as unfair. Contradictions emerge/conditions of change.