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Skeletal Review + Integumentary and Circulatory Systems

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Presentation on theme: "Skeletal Review + Integumentary and Circulatory Systems"— Presentation transcript:

1 Skeletal Review + Integumentary and Circulatory Systems

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4 Types of Bones Bones are classified according to function:
Long – used for large movement; ie: femur Short – for small movement; ie: carpals and tarsals Flat – thin bones usually protect organs; ie: cranium, scapulae, ribs Irregular – used for special functions; ie: vertebrae Sesamoid – usually embedded in tendons, used to protect the integrity of tendons; ie: patella

5 The Integumentary System
The integument is an organ, and is an alternative name for skin. The integument is the body’s largest organ and accounts for 15% of body weight. Derivatives of the integument: Hair Nails Skin Glands

6 We will focus on the skin…
Which is made up of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis, plus a layer below the dermis called the hypodermis or the subcutaneous layer. Can you guess what this bottom layer is made of?

7 Layers of the Epidermis
The epidermis is made mostly of keratinocytes (95%), which provides a barrier against environmental damage such as______________________________________________. Stratum corneum: the outermost layer, made of layers of dead flat keratinocytes. These cells are water repellant and are continuously shed & replaced. Stratum lucidum: Only found in the fingertips, palms of hands, & soles of feet. This layer is made up of 3-5 layers of flat dead keratinocytes. Stratum granulosum: made up of 3-5 layers of keratinocytes, where the keratinocytes start to lose their nuclei. Stratum spinosum: appears covered in thornlike spikes, provide strength & flexibility to the skin. Stratum basale: The deepest layer, made up of a single layer of epithelial cells. Cells produced here are constantly dividing & move up to the apical surface. Basement membrane: primary function to anchor epidermis to the dermis.

8 The Dermis is the deeper, thicker layer composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicles. There are two main divisions of the dermal layer: Papillary region - The papillae are the finger-like projections that extend toward the epidermis, which strengthens the connection between the two layers. Reticular Region - Made of protein fibers which give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity. Contains roots of hairs, sweat glands, oil glands, sensory receptors, nails, and blood vessels.

9 The Hypodermis The hypodermis is NOT part of the skin
It contains 50% of body fat, which serves as padding and insulation Its purpose: to attach the skin to the underlying bone and muscle tissues To supply bone and muscle with nerves and blood vessels


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