2. SOLAR SYSTEM MODELS  EARTH CENTERED SYSTEM DEVELOPED BY PTOLEMY  WAS ACCEPTED UNTIL THE 1960’S  SUN CENTERED SYSTEM DEVELOPED BY COPERNICUS  MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE GEOCENTRIC HELIOCENTRIC

3. CELESTIAL OBJECTS- OBJECTS OBSERVED IN THE SKY DURING THE DAY OR NIGHT. (PLANETS, SUN, MOON, STARS…) CONSTELLATION- A GROUP OF STARS THAT MAKE AN IDENTIFIABLE PATTERN IN THE SKY

4. A SPINNING ABOUT THE NORTH AND SOUTH AXIS ROTATION EVIDENCE: THE APPARENT DAILY COUNTER- CLOCKWISE MOTION OF CELESTIAL OBJECTS AROUND POLARIS (NORTH STAR) IS BECAUSE OF EARTH’S ROTATION TOWARD THE EAST. (RATE = 15° PER HOUR) SOLAR DAY- THE AMOUNT OF TIME REQUIRED FOR THE EARTH TO ROTATE FROM ONE NOON TO THE NEXT. 15° X 24 HOURS = 360°

5. HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION UNDERGONE BY ALL MOVING MATERIALS ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE CORIOLUS EFFECT NORTHERN HEMISPHER - DEFLECTED TO THE RIGHT (CLOCKWISE) SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE - DEFLECTED TO THE LEFT (COUNTER CLOCKWISE) LET’S SHOOT SOME CANNONS!!

6. FOUCAULT PENDULUM AN EXPERIMENT TO DEMONSTRATE THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH

7. A SLIGHTLY ELLIPTICAL ORBIT AROUND THE SUN (COUNTER CLOCKWISE) 365.25 DAYS FOR ONE REVOLUTION REVOLUTION PERIHELION - SUN IS THE LARGEST, OCCURS IN THE N.H. WINTER (SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN THE EARTH & SUN) APHELION - SMALLEST, OCCURS IN THE N.H. SUMMER (LARGEST DISTANCE BETWEEN THE EARTH & SUN) EVIDENCE: SEASONAL CHANGE OF THE CONSTELLATIONS THE SOLAR DIAMETER VARIES IN A CYCLIC PATTERN

8. SEASONS THE EARTH’S TILT IS LOCAL NOON – WHEN THE SUN REACHES ITS MAXIMUM ALTITUDE ZENITH – THE POINT DIRECTLY OVERHEAD **THE SUN’S RAYS CAN ONLY BE DIRECTLY OVERHEAD AT SOLAR NOON BETWEEN THE TROPICS (23.5° N OR S OF THE EQUATOR) 23.5° PARALLELISM OF THE EARTH’S AXIS – THE EARTH AXIS REMAINS PARALLEL THROUGHOUT ITS REVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN.

9. EQUINOX – THE SUN IS IN THE ZENITH POSITION AT THE EQUATOR (MARCH 21 ST AND SEPT. 23 RD ) 12 HOURS OF BOTH DAYLIGHT AND DARKNESS SUMMER SOLSTICE – THE SUN IS IN THE ZENITH POSITION AT THE TROPIC OF CANCER (JUNE 21 ST ) LONGEST DAYLIGHT OF THE YEAR IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER SOLSTICE – THE SUN IS IN THE ZENITH POSITION AT THE TROPIC OF CAPRICORN (DEC. 21 ST ) SHORTEST DAYLIGHT OF THE YEAR IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

10. Summer Winter

12. Sun’s Direct Rays 1

13. 1