1. Dark Energy Philippe Brax IPhT Saclay « ANR» afternoon, November 2012P.B, C. Burrage, A.C. Davis, B. Li, H. Winther, G. Zhao etc…

2. The Big Puzzle

3. How do we know? measuring distances ! Absolute luminosity. Received flux: what we see in the telescope … Hubble parameter acceleration parameter: we need large red-shift z

4. Evidence: The Hubble Diagram The explosion of high red-shift SN Ia (standard candles): Within General Relativity, link to matter and dark energy Dark Energy must exist!

5. The Cosmic Microwave Background Fluctuations of the CMB temperature across the sky lead to acoustic peaks and troughs, snapshot of the plasma oscillations at the last scattering surface when the universe became transparent The position of the first peak: The universe is spatially flat WMAP data

6. The acceleration of the Universe could be due to either: In both cases, current models use scalar fields. In modified gravity models, this is due to the scalar polarisation of a massive graviton. In dark energy, it is by analogy with inflation. The fact that the scalar field acts on cosmological scales implies that its mass must be large compared to solar system scales. ϕ Dark Energy Modified Gravity

7. Dark Energy Field rolling down a runaway potential, reaching large values now.

8. Deviations from Newton’s law are parametrised by: For fields of zero mass or of the order of the Hubble rate now, the tightest constraint on β comes from the Cassini probe measuring the Shapiro effect (time delay): The effect of a long range scalar field must be screened to comply with this bound.

9. The chameleon mechanism makes the range become smaller in a dense environment by increasing m The Damour-Polyakov mechanism reduces β in a dense environment The Vainshtein mechanism reduces the coupling in a dense environment by increasing Z Around a background configuration and in the presence of matter:

10. The effect of the environment When coupled to matter, scalar fields have a matter dependent effective potential Environment dependent minimum The field generated from deep inside is Yukawa suppressed. Only a thin shell radiates outside the body. Hence suppressed scalar contribution to the fifth force. chameleon

11. Symmetron

12. Dilaton

13. ϕ₋ϕ₋ ϕ₊ϕ₊ For all chameleon, dilaton, symmetron models where either the potential and/or the coupling β is a non-linear function of ϕ, the screening criterion is simply:

14. The non-linear potential of the model and the values of the field can be evaluated using: The full non-linear dynamics is reconstructed parametrically using the mass and the coupling function as a function of redshift! As the Universe evolves from pre-BBN to now, the density of matter goes from the density of ordinary matter (10g/cm3) to cosmological densities. The minimum of the effective potential experiences all the possible minima from sparse densities (now) to high density (pre-BBN).

15. This implies a reformulation of the screening condition: where the bounds of the integral are such that the densities inside and outside the body correspond to the matter density at these respective scale factors. Inverse power law chameleons (3/2 3) are described by: Given m(a) and β(a), one can construct a model defined by V(ϕ) and, and then check explicitly if screening occurs.

16. The loosest screening conditions requires that the Milky way is marginally screened: This implies the crucial bound: Effects of modified gravity can appear at most on the Mpc scale.

17. At the background level, these models are cosmologically extremely simple: BBN constraints imply that the field must follow the minimum of the effective potential since well before BBN. This is a stable configuration as soon as m>> H. In the late time Universe, the equation of state of the scalar fluid is such that: No deviation from Lambda-CDM since BBN in practice. Only astrophysical effects on large scale structure at the perturbation level.

18. Power Spectrum

19. Mass function

20. Another type of screening: Vainshtein What happens for non-linear models like DBI?

21. The « Vainshtein » radius is : We consider the screening to be successful when the « Vainshtein » radius falls within the domain where the leading operator is not the canonical kinetic term. This requires a large enough coupling: ScreenedUnscreenedfree Consider first

22. Screening of the earth-moon system for β ≃ 1 requires: This is a very low cut-off scale saying that these models are very low energy effective field theories. Screening only occurs for models where

23. A non-perturbative treatment is available for Lagrangians which may have a screening mechanism: the equation of motion around a spherical body can be solved explicitly where x=r/R and We have defined the odd function g such that

24. With this formulation, we retrieve the previous result for power law functions of X For the DBI case: The solution has a singularity inside the body! Non-singular models: which has a singularity at finite distance only when m=1, i.e. DBI!

25. General model with Vainshtein screening: Deep inside the body: The gradient of the field increases like in a DBI case first, then inside the body and outside up to the radius, the highest power dominates which leads to a Vainshtein mechanism with radius around What is the cosmology of these screened models?

26. In a flat FRW background, the cosmological evolution of the scalar field is exactly known: In the late time Universe, these models are such that the scalar field slows down, the energy density becomes of order and the equation of state goes to -1. They behave as screened models of dark energy as long as f’(0) does not vanish. The previous models defined by the square of a polynomial in X of degree m>1 satisfy this requirement. Matching with the cosmological constant requires

27. With such a low value of M below 1 eV, the gravitational tests are satisfied thanks to the Vainshtein mechanism. Earlier in the Universe, the highest power of the polynomial h dominate. In the matter dominated era we have: In the radiation era, the energy density of the scalar field increases with time implying that, if it is subdominant during the matter era, it is even more subdominant in the radiation era: cosmological screening of the scalar field. Hence at the background level, these models are screened models of dark energy where the equation of state reaches -1 dynamically in the recent past of the Universe. For structure formation, these models may have interesting consequences as the Vainshtein radius of large clusters is around:

28. Screening is an essential property of dark energy/modified gravity models Some models may have astrophysical signatures Looking for laboratory tests of these models is crucial (another talk!) Theoretically, these models pose new questions in field theory (naturality, fine tuning, effective theory, UV completion etc…) Summary