1. Chapter 8
Carbon Chemistry

2. I. Section 8-1
A. Natural Forms
1. Diamond-A crystalline form of carbon
where each carbon atom is strongly
bonded to four other carbons.
2. Graphite-each carbon is bonded to 3 other carbons in layers. The layers have a weak attraction to each other.
B. Shapes made by scientists
Fulerene-Carbon atoms arranged in the shape of
a hollow sphere. “Buckyball”
2. Nanotube-Carbon atoms are arranged in the shape
of a a long, hollow cylinder. Light, flexible and strong, they are also good conductors of heat and electricity.

3. II. Section 8-2
A. Organic Compounds- compounds that contain Carbon.
B. Hydrocarbon- compounds that contain only the elements carbon and hydrogen.
C. Structural formula- shows the kind, number and arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
Methane CH4

4. D. Isomer- compounds with the same chemical formula, but different structure.
E. Saturated Hydrocarbon- there are only single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are used. (-ane)
F. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon- hydrocarbons with double or triple bonds. (-ene, -yne)

5. Substituted Hydrocarbons- if one atom of another element is substituted for a hydrogen atom.
Hydroxyl group- made of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom. (-OH) An alcohol is produced.
Methane Methanol

6. 2. Organic Acid- A substituted
hydrocarbon that contains one or
more carboxyl groups. (- COOH)
Creates the sour taste of many fruits.
3. Ester-a compound made by combining an alcohol (-OH) and an organic acid (-COOH). Creates the fruity smell.
H. Polymer- a large molecule made of
a chain of many smaller molecules.
I. Monomer- the smaller molecules.

7. III. Section 8-3
A. Proteins- a polymer made of
monomers called amino acids.
B. Amino Acid- a monomer that is
the building block of proteins.
C. Plastics- Synthetic polymers
made from coal or oil that can be
molded or
shaped.
D. Composite- 2 or more substances combined to form a new material with different properties. Usually includes or more polymers.

8. A. Carbohydrate-an energy-rich organic
IV. Section 8-4
A. Carbohydrate-an energy-rich organic
compound made of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.
1. Glucose-the most important sugar in your
body. C6H12O6
B. Complex Carbohydrate-a polymer made of smaller molecules that are simple carbohydrates bonded together. (starch and cellulose)
1. Starch-complex carbs, bread, cereal, pasta, rice and potatoes. The energy released by breaking down starch allows the body to carry out its life functions.
2. Cellulose- (fiber) plant polymer Body cannot breakdown and use for energy.

9. C. Proteins- chains of amino acids which
contain a Carboxyl group (-COOH) and
an Amino Group (-NH2)
D. Lipids- energy-rich compounds made of
C, O, and H. Fats, oils, waxes and cholesterol. Releases twice as much energy as carbohydrates.
1. Fats and Oils-each molecule
contains 3 fatty acids and one
alcohol called glycerol. Fats are solid, oils are liquids.
2. Cholesterol-found in animal cells. Not used for energy.

10. of the bodies fluids and blood. G. Vitamins-organic
E. Nucleic Acids-large organic molecules made up of C, H, O, N, and P. Two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.
1. Nucleotides-the building
blocks of nucleic acids.
F. Water-makes up most
of the bodies fluids and
blood.
G. Vitamins-organic
molecules that help with
chemical reactions.
H. Minerals-form ions needed
by the body. (calcium, iron,
iodine, sodium, and potassium)
I. Salts-ionic compounds found in the body.