1. NEPTUNE research Ann Tran September 11, 2003

2. Overview Sidac component 3 circuits built and tested using sidac High voltage components diode latching vacuum switch resistor microcontroller sensor

3. Sidac Component

4. Sidac specification Needed datasheets of sidac which had V BO of 30-40 Volts and continuous current of ½ Amp Sidac is a silicon bilateral voltage triggered switch which switches on when voltage > V BO and continues to be on until current < I H

5. Sidac NTE Inc. Break over voltage: This voltage is the maximum voltage that will be added across the two solenoids in series. It needs to meet the requirements of solenoid to close the switch. The voltage is also the lowest voltage under which the BU can close its switches in restoration mode, so we hope it is as low as possible. Proper value is around 40-100 V. Current: Maximum current in SIDAC is breakover voltage / (solenoid resistance *2). It should be within 1 A. Size: L – 0.2 in., W – 0.2 in., H – 0.3in. (excluding wire)

6. Circuits Built and Tested

7. Circuit 1 Hardware circuit built to test reliability of sidac Has been running for 6.12 x 10 8 seconds as of 12pm today

8. Branching Unit of NEPTUNE

9. Circuit 2 Simulation Circuit simulated to test the results of NEPTUNE BU Current and voltage of sidac

10. Circuit 2 Circuit has been running for 1.93 x 10 6 seconds as of 12pm today Hardware circuit to test reliability of sidac and NEPTUNE BU

11. Circuit 3 Simulation Circuit simulated to test whether solenoid switch and sidac switched simultaneously

12. Circuit 3 Simulation (cont’d) Voltages of sidac, solenoids, and both simultaneously

13. High Voltage Components

14. High voltage diode Voltage: diode needed to withstand 10kV in a normal situation. Current: There would be current in the diode when the network is positively energized. The current would be equal to BU voltage divided by shunt resistance. The value of it will influence the capacitance charging time, thus the time to close the switches. If we could bear a longer time to close all the switches in the network, this current could be set to a very low value by using a big shunt resistance or low shore station voltage. A reasonable value is around 0.2 A. Sensitron Semiconductor V R = 5 kV - 25 kV, I F = 0.5 A, Size: L - ½ in., W - ½ in, H - 4.3in.

15. High voltage latch vacuum switch Jennings Technology Voltage: needs to be greater than 10 kV. Current: needs to be greater than 10 A. Size: L - 0.92 in., W - 0.4in., H - 2.69 in.

16. High voltage resistor Resistance: The value of resistance decides the charging current of capacitance and the voltage variation range in the network, which is shown in the figure below. The bigger the resistance is, the smaller the voltage variation in the network. But the cap charging time will be increased. Around 50,000 ohms is recommended. (Equivalent shunt branch resistance is 25,000 ohms.) Power: When using 50,000 ohms resistance, the biggest shunt resistance current will be 0.2 A, assuming the shore station voltage is 10kV. So the maximum power dissipated is 2 kW and it will only last ten seconds. (Power = 20,000 Joules) Equivalent shunt branch resistance (k Ohms) Voltage (kV) Lowest backbone voltage under 10kVshore station voltage

17. High voltage resistor (cont’d) * +  (1.0% + 0.05  )  R, 1.5 hours “ON”, 0.5 hours “OFF” Found by former student The size of the resistors were not evaluated but are assumed to be very large since they are high power resistors.

18. Thank You!