1. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Motivation and Emotion Chapter 8A-8B

2. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall What motivates? A student to be successful in an AP course A student to be successful in Sports A student to drop out of school A student to use alcohol

3. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Motivation and Emotion Motive Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal- directed behavior Emotion Feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

4. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Perspectives on Motivation

5. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Instincts Inborn, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species Human behavior is not easily explained by instincts because Most important human behavior is learned Human behavior is rarely inflexible

6. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Drive-Reduction Theory Drive A state of tension or arousal caused by bodily needs Theory states that motivated behavior is an attempt to reduce a drive and return the body to homeostasis Primary drive Secondary drive

7. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Arousal Theory People are motivated to seek an optimal level of arousal for a given moment Yerkes-Dodson law States that there is an optimal level or arousal for best performance on any task The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance

8. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Yerkes-Dodson Law

9. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Incentives External stimuli that prompt goal-directed behavior We are often unaware of the incentive Examples Aroma of food may cause us to eat even when not hungry Advertisements can lead us to buy a product

10. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation Motivation for a behavior is the behavior itself Children playing is an example Extrinsic motivation Behavior is performed in order to obtain a reward or to avoid punishment A bonus program is an example

11. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Hunger

12. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Biological Factors Hunger appears to be regulated by regions in the hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus acts as a feeding center, triggering the onset of eating Ventromedial hypothalamus acts as a satiety center, stopping eating behavior Paraventricular nucleus influences the drive to eat specific foods In addition, areas in cortex and spinal cord also play a role

13. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Biological Factors Leptin, a hormone released by fat cells, can signal satiety Receptors in the stomach and a hormone released by small intestine also signal brain about satiety

14. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Cultural and Environmental Factors Responses to food are governed by learning and social conditioning For example, time of day can trigger the body to become hungry Culture also influences what we choose to eat and how much we consume

15. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Intense fear of weight gain Distorted body image Refusal to maintain minimal normal body weight Absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles (for women) About 1% of adolescents afflicted Approximately 90% of those are white upper- and middle-class females

16. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Eating Disorders Bulimia nervosa Recurrent episodes of binge eating Recurrent behaviors to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting Behaviors must occur at least twice a week for three months Body shape and weight overly influence self-image Symptoms occur independent of anorexia About 1-2% of female adolescents afflicted http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qP0twyqBWIk

17. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Obesity Considered by U.S. Surgeon General to be the most pressing health problem today Obesity can lead to increased risk for Hypertension Cardiovascular disease Diabetes Sleep apnea Tendency may be inherited

18. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Muscle Dysmorphia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4j1obX Y_2o

19. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Thirst

20. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Thirst Both internal and external cues can trigger the thirst drive Internal cues include level of fluids inside body cells and amount of fluids outside body cells External cues can include advertisements and weather conditions

21. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Sexual Motivation

22. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Biological Factors Testosterone Important in both men and women in early development Not very important for regulating sexual activity in humans Pheromones Limbic System Electrodes

23. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Cultural and Environmental Factors Human sexual motivation is much more dependent on experience and learning than on biology Culture can influence what is sexually attractive

24. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Human Sexual Response Cycle Masters and Johnson, 1966 Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution

25. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Study of Sex Randomly Selected 18-59 yrs old Sexual Intercourse Twice a week or more 1/3 Few times a month 1/3 Few times a year or not at all 1/3 Number of partners over a lifetime Males, 6 Females, 2

26. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Study of Sex Randomly Selected 18-59 yrs old 20 partners or more Males, 17 % Females, 3% Adultery Men, 25% Women, 15%

27. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Sexual Orientation Refers to the direction of an individual’s sexual interest Heterosexual Sexual attraction to other gender Homosexual Sexual attraction to same gender Bisexual Sexual attraction to both genders Examination of causes of differing orientations is a nature-nurture debate

28. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948 10% of population homosexual Most recent statistics Males, 3-4% Females, 1-2%

29. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Exploration and curiosity William James Emotion Sigmund Freud Expression of the sex drive Correlation to Creativity; not Intelligence

30. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Manipulation and contact Harry Harlow http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=OrNBEhzj g8I&safety_mode=tru e&persist_safety_mo de=1 http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=OrNBEhzj g8I&safety_mode=tru e&persist_safety_mo de=1 Contact motive Warmth and Closeness Premature infants

31. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Aggression Intent is a key element of aggression ¼ of families experience some form of violence 3-4 million women battered by partners each year 900,000 cases of child abuse in 2001

32. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Why? Aggressive behavior may be innate, although learning clearly plays a role Freud, need to channel this desire Aggression and culture Collectivist vs. Individualist Gender and aggression Males are more physically aggressive Pain and Frustration also lead to Aggression Most victims and perpetrators in homicides are male Male offender/ Male victim 65.1% Male offender/ Female victim 22.6% Female offender/ Male victim 9.9% Female offender/ Female victim 2.4%

33. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Achievement Motivation to excel at a task Three types Work orientation Mastery Competitiveness

34. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Affiliation Motivation to be with others Increases during times of fear or anxiety

35. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives Physiological needs Safety needs Belongingness needs Esteem needs Self-actualization needs

36. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Emotions

37. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Basic Emotions Fear Surprise Sadness Disgust Anger Anticipation Joy Acceptance Plutchik proposed that there are eight basic emotions

38. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Plutchik’s Basic Emotions

39. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Basic Emotions Some have criticized Plutchik’s model as applying only to English-speakers Revised model of basic emotions includes: Happiness Surprise Sadness Fear Disgust Anger

40. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Theories of Emotion James-Lange theory Environmental stimuli bring on physiological changes that we interpret as emotions Cannon-Bard theory Environmental stimuli elicit emotions and bodily responses simultaneously Cognitive theory Environment gives us clues that help us interpret physiological reaction

41. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Theories of Emotion

42. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Nonverbal Communication of Emotion Voice quality Facial expression Body language Posture and the way we move communicates information Personal space Explicit acts For example, slamming doors

43. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gender, Culture and Emotion

44. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gender and Emotion Men and women feel emotions equally, but express them differently Men and women may experience different emotions in the same situation Anger Men tend to direct their anger outward Women tend to direct their anger inward Women are more skilled at understanding nonverbal components of emotion

45. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Culture and Emotion Expression of emotion can be influenced by cultural norms Some emotional displays are universal Display rules Culture-specific rules that govern how, when, and why expressions of emotion are appropriate

46. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Stress A state of psychological tension or strain Adjustment is any attempt to cope with stress Health psychology Studies the relationship between psychological factors and physical health Stressors Events or circumstances that trigger stress

47. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Sources of Stress Life changes Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) Assesses impact of major life changes http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/srrs.htm Everyday Hassles Pressure Occurs when we feel forced to speed up or shift focus of our behavior Frustration Occurs when a person is prevented from reaching a goal

48. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Sources of Stress Conflict Simultaneous existence of incompatible demands, opportunities, goals, or needs Approach/approach conflict occurs when there is a conflict between two appealing possibilities Avoidance/avoidance conflict occurs when there is a choice between two undesirable possibilities Approach/avoidance conflict is the result of being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal

49. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Stress and Individual Differences Differences in reaction to stressors may be due to an individual’s appraisal

50. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Coping With Stress Direct coping Intentional efforts to change an uncomfortable situation Confrontation Acknowledging stress directly and initiating a solution Compromise Choosing a more realistic goal when an ideal goal cannot be met Withdrawal Avoiding a situation when other options are not practical

51. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Coping With Stress Defensive coping Can occur when you cannot identify the source of stress or cannot do anything to change the situation (This is stupid…that teacher is stupid…I ain’t never goin to no Canadia anyway) Defense mechanisms may be adopted to cope with stress (cough, cough)

52. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Stress and Health

53. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall The Biology of Stress Fight or flight response Release of adrenaline and norepinephrine into the bloodstream increasing heart rate and other functions to deal with stress General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Alarm reaction Resistance Exhaustion

54. Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Stress and Heart Disease Frequent or chronic stress can cause damage to the heart and blood vessels Stress hormone, cortisol=high blood pressure Type A personality Respond to life events with impatience and hostility Correlated with development of heart disease Type B personality