1. Boyd Russell A Practical Guide to Unconventional Petroleum Evaluation Petroleum Club November 28, 2012 R eservoir E valuation P roduction O ptimization – S pecial I nterest G roup

2. Outline Issues with Unconventional Plays Declines How much production data is needed? Which decline method to use? Auto-forecasting—why it’s critical. Creating Type Wells Type well mechanics & sequence bias Percentile type wells Grouping Issues Recap

3. Issues with Unconventional Plays

4. What are Shale Plays? – Production from tight shale which requires hydraulic fractures to be productive. Shale plays are game changers. – New technologies. – Modify existing technologies. – Move from exploration to “manufacturing”.

5. Issues with Unconventional Plays Characteristics of shale plays. – High initial rates. – Multiple fracture stages that interfere with each other. – Characterized by steep super-hyperbolic declines possibly followed by long exponential period. – Little or no pressure build up or other well testing. – Seismic, petrophysics and volumetrics of limited value.

6. Declines How Much Production Data is Needed?

7. How much production data is needed? Back casting study on 58 ideal Barnett Shale gas wells 6 & 7 years of history for all wells Individual well forecasts can be unreliable, even with 5 years of data. Mean EUR can be very accurate with 2 to 3 years of data. The EUR of individual well forecasts is pessimistic in the first years. Unconventional Road Show

8. Declines Which Decline Method to Use?

9. Choice of decline equation Traditional forecasting methods use Arps equations. For shale plays, Arps uses a super hyperbolic period with a smooth transition into an exponential or shallow hyperbolic tail. Arps offers no information as to when this transition occurs. The transition to exponential may be abrupt. Would require both the limiting decline and time when it commences. Choice of Transition Methods – Limiting decline – Elapsed time from start of history – Elapsed time from start of prediction (5 Year Equation)

10. 5 Year Equation – How It Works

11. Choice of decline equation Shale production is characterized by a Transient Flow Period followed by Boundary Dominated Flow (BDF). Stretched Exponentials were created to replace the combined use of two Arps equations. Unfortunately, they are no better than Arps in predicting the start of BDF. These Stretched Exponentials have their problems: – Difficult to solve. – Difficult to match both early and late time simultaneously. – Require longer history than Arps. – Difficult to manipulate.

12. Duong Equation

13. Valkó SEPD Equation

14. Ilk Power Law Loss Ratio Equation

15. 5 Year Equation – Results Unconventional Road Show

16. Comparison of Decline Methods Unconventional Road Show

17. Declines Auto Forecasting – Why It’s Critical

18. Resource plays are statistical – Need to forecast 1000s of wells accurately. Manual forecasts are not practical – Too time consuming and subjective. 10,000 Barnett Shale gas wells were forecast for this study. – Would take an evaluator 5 months to forecast manually Manual Forecasting is not easy for unconventional plays – Hard to get a unique super-hyperbolic fit.

19. Achieving Accurate Auto-Forecasts Cannot forecast from start to end of production with one segment Expect multiple internal trends and be able to identify them all Rate all identified trends based on proximity to today, length of trend and error Cannot just use last x number of years for your forecast. Multiple decline trends embedded in history Most recent trend is inclining

20. Achieving Accurate Auto-Forecasts Forecasts need to automatically reject bad data points – Not based on fixed %, but well specific based on data volatility Need automatic fail-safes – Forecast inclining – Recent rates differ from trend – Every other abnormal event Multiple bad data points Unconventional Road Show

21. Creating Type Wells Type Well Mechanics & Sequence Bias

22. Type Wells – Why Are They Important? Traditional petroleum exploration and development relies on what the author describes as nearology With unconventional wells, many factors other than geology can have as much or more of an impact on EUR Thus analog or type wells forecasts are used extensively, especially during a well’s early production period The main uses for type wells – Predicting reserves to obtain financing – Valuating project to make investment decisions – Determining future production and cash flow

23. Type Wells – How Are They Built? The Industry Standard Practice (ISP) of creating type wells is to average the production rate from contributing wells Rarely includes individual well forecasts and relies solely on production This ISP is defective Using combined historical production with reliable production forecasts remedies the defect

24. Type Wells – Flawed Methodology? Forecasts are implicit to the ISP method Implicit forecasts are usually inaccurate Type well quality is compromised Better forecasts yield better type wells

25. Type Wells – Sequence Bias Wells without production (gap wells) are not filled with representative rates Profit Optimization – Best wells drilled first – Implicit forecasts for the newer wells created from older, better wells – Type wells are optimistic Technical Play – Wells improve as technology develops – Implicit forecasts for the newer wells created from older, poorer wells – Type wells are pessimistic Unconventional Road Show

26. Sequence Bias In The Hugoton Field Type well created with history & forecast is accurate Without the forecast, trends look exponential ISP has large EUR error Unconventional Road Show

27. Sequence Bias In The Hugoton Field

28. The Winter Field 26 Depleted Cummings Wells Drilled From 1988 to 1993 Observed trends using only history are exponential – type well inaccurate Accurate type well using history and prediction Observed trends from history are hyperbolic – type well inaccurate Accurate type well using history and prediction

29. Type Wells Percentile Type Wells

30. Evaluators need EUR percentile type wells (P10 - P50 - P90) Two methods are used to build percentile type wells 1.Time Slice Sort rate for each month For each month, select the target percentile rate Determine EUR based on constructed well Requires strong correlation between rate and EUR (rarely the case) Designed for history only, but prediction required (sequence bias) 2.Selected Wells Select wells with EUR similar to the desired percentile ranking Build a type well using the selected wells Unconventional Road Show

31. P75 Type Well For The Hugoton Field Unconventional Road Show Selected Well Method – matches EUR from probability distribution – Rate truncated to economic limit causes slight drop in EUR Time slice Method – No visible trend with only history – Predicts only 50% of EUR when created with history and prediction

32. P75 Type Well For The Hugoton Field

33. The Time Slice method will not reliably return the desired EUR Black line 45 o – The exact answer desired = actual Red Dots – EUR distribution for Hugoton wells Blue Dots – Time slice EUR – Deviates significantly from desired EUR – Not reliable, even when prediction is used

34. Type Wells Grouping Issues

35. Use of Cross-plots to Create Groups Statistically valid groups of wells will exhibit a lognormal distribution. There is rarely a strong correlation between IP and EUR. Grouping wells or creating type wells based on IP or rate can lead to erroneous answers. Time slice type wells are examples of the rate based method.

36. Dealing With Bias Barnett Vintage Bias In order to maximize profit, the best wells are drilled first (profit bias). After 2006, the EUR continually increases (technical bias). Barnett Operator Bias Despite overall improvement in field recovery, Company 1 shows little improvement. Company 4 exceeds industry average.

37. Recap Resource plays are statistical. Resource plays are game changers that require new technologies. Decline Curve Analysis requires a minimum two to five years of historical data to be reliable. Individual well forecasts are not reliable when based on early production data. Stretched exponentials, were developed to replace Arps and address transient flow issues. Stretched exponential characteristics: – Complex and difficult to solve. – Data manipulation is convoluted. – Do not handle multiple flow regimes. – Not better at forecasting than using Arps with a five year or other suitable transition.

38. Recap Easy and accurate auto-forecasting is required to perform large resource studies. Auto forecasting algorithms must handle multiple flow regimes, bad data, operational issues and any other eventuality and select the most appropriate segment for the forecast. Auto fit algorithm must converge and provide the best fit. Building analogs requires statistically valid groups and proper type curves. Always combine history with an accurate forecast when creating type curves. When creating percentile type wells, the selected well approach should be used and the time slice method should be avoided.