1. Total Serialism Applying the rules of serialism to all possible elements Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992) - French composer, educator and organist - Was caputerd and imprisoned by Nazis - Composed Quartet for the End of Time (1940) Pierre Boulez (b.1925) - Studied with Messiaen - Regarded music from a scientific viewpoint - “Schoenberg is Dead” claimed Schoenberg didn’t go far enough with serialism

2. Electronics A time of extreme technological advances –This lead to extreme experimentation –Gave composers the ability to not only record their music, but an opportunity to create art from manipulated sounds –Eventually composers use new sounds and new means of generating them –Lead to use of electronic instruments

4. Electronics Edgard Varese (1883-1965) - Poeme Electronique (1957) – recorded on 3 track tape, speakers surrounded the audience Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928-2007) - Attended Messiaen’s summer class in Darmstadt - Mixed voice and electronics - Gesang de Junglinge – recorded a boy reciting bible verses, and manipulated it

5. Minimalism Style: –Repetition of short figures –Simple harmonies –Slow moving harmonies –Usually regular pulsation Terry Riley – In C (1964) –A pianist plays constant eighth note C’s –53 small figures

6. Minimalism Steve Reich (b. 1963) –Interest in jazz and non-pitchedpercussion –Also an interest in African drumming –Became fascinated with “phase shifting”