1. Comparative Vertebrate Physiology
Locomotion

2. Energetics: What does it cost?
Smaller animals show higher rates of limb stride or wing motion, thus higher rate of muscle shortening in smaller animals, thus more energy

3. Energetics
Larger animals expend less energy moving a given distance

4. How do animals move? Terrestrial locomotion 1. Walking and running
Fewer points of contact with substrate than number of limbs
Maintain equilibrium

5. How do animals move? 1. Walking and running Gait
Relative phase and duty factor
Duty factor decreases with speed

6. How do animals move? 2. Hopping and jumping Legs in phase
Low duty factor when moving
Low metabolic expenditure
Achilles tendon

7. Factors effecting locomotion
Inertia
Momentum
Drag: determined by velocity, surface area and shape of an animal
Larger animals experience less drag

8. Drag
Experienced by swimmers (high viscosity and density) and fliers (velocity), but not runners

9. Aquatic energetics
Swimming at the water surface is more expensive

10. Aerial locomotion No buoyancy Low drag Lift enables high speed travel
Gliding conserves energy

11. Aerial locomotion Large animals generate more forward thrust
Differing angles of wing beat among fliers

12. Cost of transport Smaller animals have high cost of transportation
At the same mass swimming is most efficient
Flying is more economical than running