1. When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals & Prokaryotes
Copyright Cmassengale

2. Cellular Respiration Overview
At this point life diverges into two forms and two pathways
Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka fermentation)
Aerobic cellular respiration

3. Cellular Respiration Overview
Transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use: ATP
Breakdown of one glucose can result in 36 ATP molecules
Overall Reaction:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

4. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria
Copyright Cmassengale

5. Glycolysis Diagram (page 128)
Copyright Cmassengale

6. Copyright Cmassengale
Glycolysis Summary
-Takes place in the Cytoplasm (all cells- prokaryotes)
-Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
-Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid
-Requires input of 2 ATP
Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP
Copyright Cmassengale

7. Copyright Cmassengale
Fermentation
Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION-in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION-in yeast (produces ethanol)
Gains only 2 ATP from each Pyruvic acid
Copyright Cmassengale

8. Entering the MITOCHONDRIA
Pyruvic acids ( 3 carbon atoms) from glycolysis- turn into Acetyl CoA (2 carbon atoms) as they enter the mitochondria.
This produces 1 NADH each

9. Copyright Cmassengale
Krebs Cycle
ATP
Copyright Cmassengale
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

10. Krebs Cycle
Step 1- Acetyl CoA combines with a 4 carbon molecule to produce citric acid (6 carbons)

11. Kreb’s Cycle
Step 2- Carbon is removed (CO 2) and energy is produced– NADH
Step 3-4 See step 2--- produces ATP and NADH

12. Kreb’s Cycle
Step 5- Oxaloacetic acid is used to combine with Acetyl CoA to restart the cycle

13. Copyright Cmassengale
Krebs Cycle Summary
Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
Completes the breakdown of glucose
Turns twice per glucose molecule
Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
Copyright Cmassengale

14. Electron Transport Chain (pg136)

15. Electron Transport Chain Summary
Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane
FADH, and NADH donate electrons for the chain
NADH = 3 ATP’s
FADH2 = 2 ATP’s
Oxygen is the last electron acceptor and combines with H+ to make water
34 ATP Produced
Copyright Cmassengale

16. Energy Tally 2 ATP for anaerobic vs 36 ATP for aerobic
Glycolysis ATP (anaerobic)
Kreb’s ATP (aerobic)
Electron Transport 34 ATP (aerobic)
38 ATP
Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon

17. CALORIE
Defined as the amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
4.2 Joules

18. KILOCALORIES (Large Calorie) Food Calorie
1 kilocalorie equals 1000 calories
We measure food calories in the unit of KILOCALORIES although we only call it a CALORIE.
The complete oxidation of a glucose molecule will yield 686 kcal.
ATP requires 12 kcal to be formed

19. CALCULATING ENERGY YIELD
EFFICIENCY of glycolysis =Energy Required to make ATP x 100
Total energy possible (686 kcal)
Glycolysis is only 3.5 % efficient
2 ATP x 12 kcal x 100
686 kcal

20. CALCULATING ENERGY YIELD
Complete Aerobic Respiration is 66% efficient 38 ATP x 12 kcal x 100 = kcal