1. Polish Culture By Anna Citko Pam Flory Beth Seyfert Cynthia Setlock

2. First Wave o Late 19 th Early 20 th Century o 2.5 Million Poles o Circular Immigrants o Quota Acts of 1921 & 1923 Second Wave o Post World War II o 200,000 Poles Third Wave o Late 20 th Century to Now Immigration from Poland

3. Polonia Unwelcomed by Irish Catholics Forced to start their own churches Community revolved around Polish Catholic Church Most Polish settled in Pennsylvania Worked in coalmines and steel mills

4. Polish Americans As of 2000, 9 million or 3.3% of population Contributions to American Culture o Kielbasa o Perogies o Polish Dill Pickles o Babka (egg dough cake) o Polka Music Locally (Lebanon County) o 600 or 2.2% of population

5. Regulations Bilingual Education Act o Provides grants to local school districts o Instructional, support, professional development PDE Requirements for ELLs o Planned instruction by a qualified ESL/Bilingual teacher o Adaptations/modifications in the delivery of content instruction by all teachers

6. Greetings and Physical Appearance o Males – handshake o Women – kiss or handshake o Close Friends – kissing cheek 3 times (right, left, right) Kinesics (gestures and body movements) o Talk with hands to emphasize point or emotion o Pointing politely acceptable o Good luck sign is holding both thumbs in closed fists Cultural Codes

7. Oculesics (eye contact) o Blinking both eyes can signify romantic interest o Winking one eye indicates spoken words may be untrue or may be a joke Olfactics (communication via smell) o Food is important part of family gatherings and celebrations o House smells of ethnic cooking – garlic, onion, meats like kielbasa, fish dishes, baked goods Cultural Codes

8. Haptics (tactile communication tool) o Young females often hold hands while walking Proxemics (use of space and distance) o Personal space closer than North America norms Vocalics / Paralanguage (non verbal voice) o Arguing, shouting is common Cultural Codes

9. Fields of Opportunity by Joe Zahm Personal Interviews: Joe Citko Gosia Citko Zahm Jadwiga Citko Cultural Profile