1. Research Design How to do a research project!

2. Research designs can be very simple:

3. Or…. quite complicated!

4. Or… something in between!

5. A good design will not compensate for bad fundamentals!

6. There are many ways to set up a Research Design So we will look at a generic plan.

7. Research Design A formal written set of specifications and procedures for

8. Research Design A formal written set of specifications and procedures for Conducting

9. Research Design A formal written set of specifications and procedures for Conducting and Controlling

10. Research Design A formal written set of specifications and procedures for Conducting and Controlling a business research project

11. DESIGN controls for: Time

12. DESIGN controls for: Time Money

13. DESIGN controls for: Time Money People

14. A good DESIGN ensures: 1.The study will be relevant

15. A good DESIGN ensures: 1.The study will be relevant 2.That it will use economic procedures

16. Problem: The Law of the Instrument

18. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory Research to gain insight and ideas… It is for understanding… not for analysis

19. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory Flexible… good for: a.Diagnosing a situation

20. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory Flexible… good for: a.Diagnosing a situation b.Screening alternatives

21. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory Flexible… good for: a.Diagnosing a situation b.Screening alternatives c.Increase research’s familiarity with problem

22. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory Flexible… good for: a.Diagnosing a situation b.Screening alternatives c.Increase research’s familiarity with problem d.Discovery of new ideas

23. Types of Designs But be careful: Gas lights:

24. Types of Designs But be careful: IBM study in 1947:

25. “On a humorous note, the principal designer of the Mark I, Howard Aiken of Harvard, estimated in 1947 that six electronic digital computers would be sufficient to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States. IBM had commissioned this study to determine whether it should bother developing this new invention into one of its standard products (up until then computers were one-of-a- kind items built by special arrangement). Aiken's prediction wasn't actually so bad as there were very few institutions (principally, the government and military) that could afford the cost of what was called a computer in 1947.

26. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory Flexible… good for: a.Diagnosing a situation b.Screening alternatives c.Increase research’s familiarity with problem d.Discovery of new ideas e.Gathering background info

27. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory Methods: a.Situational analysis

28. Type of Designs 1.Exploratory Methods: a.Situational analysis b.Expert Opinion survey

29. Type of Designs 1.Exploratory Methods: a.Situational analysis b.Expert Opinion survey c.Literature search

30. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory Methods: a.Situational analysis b.Expert Opinion survey c.Literature search d.Pilot study

31. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory Methods: a.Situational analysis b.Expert opinion survey c.Literature search d.Pilot study e.Focus groups

32. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory 2.Descriptive a. To describe characteristics of a sample

33. Type of Designs 1.Exploratory 2.Descriptive a. To describe characteristics of a sample b. To estimate proportions

34. Type of Designs 1.Exploratory 2.Descriptive a. To describe characteristics of a sample b. To estimate proportions c. To make specific predictions

35. Type of Designs 1.Exploratory 2.Descriptive Cross-Sectional

36. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory 2.Descriptive Longitudinal

37. http://www.people-press.org/2013/01/31/trust-in-government-interactive/

38. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory 2.Descriptive Longitudinal Omnibus

39. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory 2.Descriptive Longitudinal Panels

40. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory 2.Descriptive Longitudinal Panels Problems: Lack of representation They become experts

41. Type of Designs 1.Exploratory 2.Descriptive 3.Associational What goes with what?

42. S&P 500 http://finance.yahoo.com/echarts?s=%5Egspc+interactive#{"allowChartStacking":true}

46. Types of Designs 1.Exploratory 2.Descriptive 3.Associational 4.Casual (Experiments)

47. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Concept of Causality Concomitant variation

48. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Concept of Causality Concomitant variation Time order (casual order)

49. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Concept of Causality Concomitant variation Time order (casual order) Elimination of alternative explanations

50. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Key is: Control

51. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Terms:

52. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Terms: Variable

53. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Terms: Constant

54. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Terms: IV Independent Variable: treatment exogenous

55. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Terms: DV Dependent Variable: measurement endogenous

56. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Terms: Secondary Variables Something to be controlled that could cause the DV to change… Extraneous

57. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Terms: Secondary Variables Eliminate them Make them constant Turn them into IVs Randomization Statistical control

58. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Terms: Field Experiment Split-plot

59. Types of Designs Casual (Experiments) Terms: Laboratory Experiment

60. Exercise: Create a design for each type of study below to determine how long people will travel to buy a product: a.Exploratory b.Descriptive c.Correlational d.Causal

61. Validity Issues

62. Internal Validity The effect is due to IV and Not to other variables

63. Validity Issues External Validity The effect can be generalized to the real world

64. Validity Issues Internal Validity 1.History (Retroactive) What happened during the study?

65. Validity Issues Internal Validity 1.History (Retroactive) 2.Proactive History What did the subjects bring with them?

66. Validity Issues Internal Validity 1.History (Retroactive) 2.Proactive History 3.Maturation Older… Tired… Hungry… Bored… Etc.

67. Validity Issues Internal Validity 1.History (Retroactive) 2.Proactive History 3.Maturation 4.Testing Effects Pre-testing… Post-testing… Interactive effects Reactive measures

68. Validity Issues Internal Validity 1.History (Retroactive) 2.Proactive History 3.Maturation 4.Testing Effects 5.Experimental Mortality

69. Validity Issues Internal Validity 1.History (Retroactive) 2.Proactive History 3.Maturation 4.Testing Effects 5.Experimental Mortality 6.Bias Selection… Interpretation… Etc.

70. Validity Issues Internal Validity 1.History (Retroactive) 2.Proactive History 3.Maturation 4.Testing Effects 5.Experimental Mortality 6.Bias 7.Statistical Regression

71. A highly unlikely event is… highly unlikely! Genetics

72. A highly unlikely event is… highly unlikely! Sports

73. A highly unlikely event is… highly unlikely! Pre-test/post-test problems

74. Is this statistical regression… or something else?

75. Validity Issues Internal Validity 1.History (Retroactive) 2.Proactive History 3.Maturation 4.Testing Effects 5.Experimental Mortality 6.Bias 7.Statistical Regression 8.Instrumentation

76. Validity Issues Internal Validity 1.History (Retroactive) 2.Proactive History 3.Maturation 4.Testing Effects 5.Experimental Mortality 6.Bias 7.Statistical Regression 8.Instrumentation 9.Luck

77. Validity Issues External Validity 1.Hawthorne Effect http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_effect

78. Validity Issues External Validity 1.Hawthorne Effect 2.Demand Effects http://allpsych.com/researchmethods/experimentalvalidity.html

79. Validity Issues External Validity 1.Hawthorne Effect 2.Demand Effects

80. Validity Issues External Validity 1.Hawthorne Effect 2.Demand Effects 3.Selection Bias

81. Why?

82. Why?Rasmussen used “likely voters