1. PIA 2000 - Introduction to Public Affairs Management of Contracts and the Impact of Contracting on Public Policy

2. Privatization and Contracting Out: The Knowledge and Skills Base Focus of the Week:

3. Overview Concepts: New Public Management Principles: 1995-2005 Social Services- Delivery Re-inventing Government- Customer vs. Citizen Subsidiarity- Decentralization Privatization: Private or Non-Profit Sector Contracting Out- Extending Governance out of Government A View from Canada Video A View from Canada

4. Privatization: In the U.S. and the World Definition: The process of divesting direct civil service responsibility for the provision of public services or the collection of revenues Focus here on the World View in the 1980s as defined by the U.S.

5. A South African View

6. Privatization: Grants and Contracts The Key to Understanding Contracting Out Prior to 1979: Focus of Contracts was Purchases and construction Before 1979- Social Services: “Block Grants” Now Social Services: Contracted Out or Categorical Grants (Tied Grants) Some Privatization is linked to Categorical Grants

7. Block Grants vs. Categorial Grants Community Development Block Grants Categorial Grants

8. Tendering is the procurement of acquisition of goods and/or services at the best possible total cost of ownership, in the correct quantity and quality, at the right time, in the right place for the direct benefit or use of governments, corporations, or local authorities, generally by a contract. Tendering also for grants.

9. Context of Privatization: The Reagan- Thatcher Revolutions Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment: a. IMF Stabilization and trade liberalization b. Currency reform, auctions-end of subsidies (end urban privileges) to end radical inflation

10. Next Target for Auction

11. The Reagan-Thatcher Revolutions c. Market prices for agriculture and industrial goods d. Deregulate the economy e. Most Importantly: Free Trade f. Domestic Changes followed International Reforms

12. One View of Free Trade

13. Conditionality and Privatization Conditionality- World Bank and UNDP and the “Management” SAPs- /Structural Adjustment Programs Focus on Policy and Administrative Reforms Conditionality- World Bank and UNDP and the "Management“ of Structural Adjustment Countries

14. One View of SAPs

15. Conditionalities Reform the Bureaucracy Decrease Size of Public Service Individual Consultants, Grantees and Contractors work with investments and the service/commercial sector Bridging and sectoral loans and grants major source of international involvement

16. Critics Europe South Africa

17. Principles of Privatization Key Conditionality- Privatization of the economy within a context of administrative Reform

18. Principles of Privatization a. divestiture b. contracting out c. liquidation d. sell off public private partnership shares

19. The View from the 1080s Redeux

20. Principles of Privatization e. International conditions for "good" bureaucrats, eg. World Bank Programs- special salaries for those on contract with the project f. Goal: Return to the recurrent budgeting process and balanced budget principles of “Neo-Orthodox Economists”

21. Milton Friedman, 1912-2006 University of Chicago

22. The Fundamental Assumption: Private Provision of Services Use of conventional markets- No public sector involvement Contracts with public agencies- Collection of Garbage; foreign aid and technical assistance Monopoly Franchises: Hoover Dam; Cable Television; Amtrak

23. Hoover Dam

24. Private Provision of Services Management Contracts- Public Enterprises such as airlines and hotels Vouchers- private and charter schools Consumer Cooperatives- Food clubs

25. Acting Vice Principal showing their school vouchers.

26. Privatization “Ideal” Key to the provision of efficient and effective goods and services (Savas) Need for Exclusion User Fees, not taxes The use of tolls

27. E-ZPASS

28. Privatization “Ideal” Key to the provision of efficient and effective goods and services (Savas) Need to exclude the Collective Some would argue excluding “common pool goods” from privatization (Clean Air) Worthy goods (health, education, etc.) are not collective goods

29. Father of Privatization E.S. Savas is professor of public affairs at Baruch College, City University of New York

31. Reasons for Privatization Duncan Madsen Pirie, (born 24 August 1940). President Adam Smith Institute. High Production costs in Government Low levels of efficiency Featherbedded labor costs Pork Barrel Capital Allocations

32. Privatization- Reasons (Madsen Pirie) Low level consumer input Poor Maintenance and loss of service Inability of political leaders to impose cost control Free Riders

33. Free Rider Problem

34. Means of Privatization Liquidation Close down (Load Shedding) Divestiture Sell off in whole or in part government shares

35. Liquidation

36. Privatization Means Public-Private partnerships Commercialization Autonomy and user fees

37. Privatization Means Public Sector Reform Cutback the infamous 19% first cut (in Greece, at least) Transfer to a public service organization or union Contracting Out

38. The World Bank Formula, 2007 World Bank attempt to privatise Mumbai's water runs aground: Citizens reject report

39. Privatization Criticism Private sector and NGOs are not necessarily more effective and efficient than government agencies (Paul Nelson) Loss of Coverage for social services Rule of Structural Adjustment- lower health and education statistics

41. Making Fun of Government Radio Style 1949- Things Change, or Do They? AUDIO

42. 10 Minute Break COFFEE

43. Privatization Criticism Can replicate private sector Conditions within government (Core of Reinventing Government argument--Osborne and Gabler) “Contracting In”- Government Agency provides services for or from another Agency, NGO or Private Sector (Generating Revenue) (USDA provides staff for USAID)

44. Options Under Reinventing Government

45. Privatization Criticism Reinventing Government Steering rather than Rowing Customer Driven Government Competition within Government and between units Key is decentralization--not privatization

46. Reinventing Government a world wide phenomenon (Korea)

47. Privatization Criticism Privatization enhances corruption Enhanced by cultural differences Gifts vs. Kickbacks Corruption as lobbying the Executive (Klitgaard)

48. Problems with Administrative Reform: International Examples 1. Departments buy and sell goods & services- statistics in Zaire/Congo or setting up “privatization networks” to acquire state properties. 2.Sub-economic salaries: offices, houses and telephones- buying soap and selling chickens. International salaries for essential workers (Consulting Practices)

49. Privatization in LDCs and MDCs

50. Problems with Privatization Reality- The absence of recurrent budgets in LDCs Activity (economy) driven by technical assistance projects the only game in town NGOs and for profit contractors and consulting firms take the jobs Result: Privatization means internationalization

51. A Pennsylvania View

53. Globalization: Chinese View

54. The Principles: Review Private Provision of Services: Use of conventional Markets: no public sector involvement (Purely private) Contracts with public agencies (Contracting Out)

56. The Principles: Review Monopoly Franchises Management Contracts Vouchers Consumer Cooperatives

57. U.S. Government Performance and Results Act of 1993

58. Boundary Valuation Problem (BVP): The Key to Privatization (additional constraints).

59. Service Delivery Systems and Categories of Service Delivery Issue of “size”: hard services or soft with capital or recurrent costs Macro--Physical Services Highways, Sewerage Main Lines, Electricity Deconcentrated or Privatized Micro--Physical Services Devolved or Delegated

60. Focus of Stimulus Spending-Jobs

61. Service Delivery Systems and Categories of Service Delivery Issue of “size”: hard services or soft with capital or recurrent costs Social Services--Health, Education or Community Development (such as Social Funds) Delegated or Contracted Grants and Sub-Grants to Non-Profits Investment or Production Privatized Public Private Partnerships

62. Note: Non-Profit Role in Service Delivery

63. Service Delivery Systems and Categories of Service Delivery Private Provision Use of conventional Markets Contracts with public agencies Monopoly Franchises Management Contracts Vouchers Consumer Cooperatives

64. Monopoly Franchises

65. The Revenue Model

67. Public Private Partnerships: A Historical Example German diplomats award Henry Ford, center, with their nation's highest decoration for foreigners, the Grand Cross of the German Eagle, in July 1938.

68. Discussion of Reading: New Authors William L. Riordon, Plunkitt of Tamany Hall Bessie Head, “The Collector of Treasures” Cameron Duodu, “The Tax Dodger”

69. William L. Riordon and Plunkitt George Washington Plunkitt (1842–1924) was a long-time State Senator in the state of New York representing the Fifteenth Senate District. He was especially powerful in New York City and he was part of what is known as New York's Tammany Hall machine. Boss Tweed VIDEO Boss Tweed William L. Riordon was a New York Journalist in 1905

70. Authors of the Week Born and educated in Ghana, Cameron Duodu started work on a general purpose magazine called New Nation in Ghana

71. Bessie Head, 1937-1986 Bessie Emery Head was born in Pietermaritzburg South Africa, the child of a wealthy white South African woman and a black servant when interracial relationships were illegal in South Africa. She lived and wrote in Serowe, Botswana