1. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference Seventh Edition Chapter 3 Cultural and Linguistic Diversity

2. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Chapter Objectives Explain what is meant by the term diverse. Discuss ways in which poverty puts many culturally- and linguistically-diverse students at risk for low educational results and for having disabilities. Describe the key features of multicultural education. Discuss how schools can be more responsive to students learning the English language. Describe additional considerations that diverse students with disabilities and their families require.

3. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Americanization (the melting pot) gives way to cultural pluralism. People should retain their home cultures while participating in society. Diana v. State Board of Education, 1970 Larry P. v. Riles, 1971 Lau v. Nichols, 1974 Phyler v. Doe, 1982 History of the Field

4. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Challenges of Diversity A number of factors have been identified that put culturally- and linguistically-diverse children at risk: Poverty Limited healthcare Homelessness Migrant lives Attending inferior schools Unique learning styles Experiences of school failure Increased likelihood of being identified as a student with a disability Struggle with English-language acquisition Dropping out of school

5. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Cultural and Linguistic Diversity Defined Cultural Diversity Students whose backgrounds differ from mainstream American society Linguistic Diversity Students whose native language at home is not English Diversity and Disability Students of cultural and linguistic diversity can face additional challenges that negatively affect school success.

6. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Characteristics of Culturally- and Linguistically-Diverse Students Differences in: Language Home and school cultures Behavior These differences may be interpreted by some as a disability or a problem.

7. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Who are Linguistically-Diverse Students? Many, but not all, are culturally diverse. Many are English Language Learners (ELL). Their native language is not English. Detecting the difference between language impairment and difference is often difficult.

8. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Linguistic Diversity Approximately 10% of the school population is considered linguistically-diverse. Code Switching Students use their home language and English within the same communication. The majority of academic learning is language-based. Students who struggle with language will face distinctive disadvantages in school.

9. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Cultural Comprehension Culture and language play a large role in the learning process. A mismatch of home and school cultures (cultural dissonance) can explain difficulties in academic learning and behavior. Teachers must be “culturally competent” to prevent cross-cultural dissonance. Learning environments should be culturally responsive. Teachers should examine own attitudes and assumptions. Teachers should use student culture as basis for learning.

10. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Prevalence Experts on culturally- and linguistically- diverse students believe that: The percentage of ethnic groups in special and gifted education should equal the percentage of groups in the general population. When this situation does not occur, it is considered: Overrepresentation in disability categories. Underrepresentation in gifted education.

11. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Causes and Prevention Diversity, poverty, and disabilities are related. It is important to see how they are related, and how they are not. Diversity does not cause disabilities. Poverty places students at substantial risk for disabilities. Not all diverse students are poor, though they are proportionally more likely to be poor. Mobility is also a contributing factor because: Students have a fractured education. Mobility can result in high absenteeism. It increases the risk for health care issues.

12. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Prevention The most effective way to reduce the number of disabilities in children is to reduce the risk factors: Improve access to health care. Establish Universal vaccinations. Ensure safe living environments.

13. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Overcoming Challenges Positive and effective actions available to diminish challenges and improve the learning outcomes for diverse students include: Quality education, including preschool. Intensive and sustained instruction throughout the school year. Relevant education. Instructional content and activities that are anchored to students’ cultures.

14. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Assessment Purpose Evaluate general academic performance. Learn whether a student is learning the skills being taught. Determine whether a student has a disability that affects school performance.

15. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Assessment Pre-referral Pre-referral provides early intervention for students who are struggling. Non-discriminatory testing IDEA ‘04 Use of multiple intelligences Use of different assessment procedures

16. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Overrepresentation and Misidentification Key factors include: Bias and negative attitudes Inconsistency of educational programs Non-responsiveness to differences of language and culture Poor schools Language disorder or language difference? The general guideline is that the impairment occurs in both English and the child’s dominant language.

17. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Evaluation, Assessment, and Accountability NCLB and IDEA ‘04 require that all students participate in statewide and district assessments. However, some students who have lived in the United States for less than one year may participate in an alternative assessment.

18. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Evaluation, Testing, and Accountability Possible benefits to including ELL in all assessments are: Pressure is placed on schools to teach English faster. Because of accountability measures, districts are made aware of ELL’s needs and can provide additional funding. Learning problems may be addressed early and intensively. Higher expectations are placed on the students.

19. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Teaching Diverse Students with Disabilities Teachers can: Become culturally-sensitive and knowledgeable about second language acquisition. Provide culturally responsive instruction Provide content that reflects the central aspects of a culture. Use highly-motivating instructional materials.

20. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Supporting Multicultural Instruction Key features of multicultural education: Instruction that is connected to students’ background and cultures. Clear understanding of differences between home and school cultures. Avoiding clashes that can occur from differences between home and school culture. Reading assignments that come from multiple sources in which characters reflect diverse cultures. Contextualized instruction, in which culture is linked in a meaningful way to instruction, activities, and classroom experiences

21. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Instructional Accommodations Instructional accommodations are imperative for students who are not as competent in the use of the English language as their peers. Basic Interpersonal Conversation Skills (BICS): conversational English 2 to 3 years Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP): classroom English (academic vocabulary) 5 to 7 years

22. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Instructional Accommodations Bilingual education: Goal is for students to master their home and school languages. English as a Second Language (ESL): Goal is the rapid mastery of English. Sheltered English

23. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Data-based Practices Cooperative Learning Structured, guided small-group work Peer Tutoring Peer Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS): combine cooperative learning and peer tutoring with instruction. Technology Tool to enrich curriculum and instructional accommodations Warning: Many students from diverse backgrounds may not have access to computers or the Internet (digital divide). Computerized language translators

24. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Transition Students from linguistically- and culturally- diverse backgrounds have a lower high school graduation rate and are underrepresented in post-secondary education. More attention and assistance is required to improve these outcomes.

25. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Collaboration School personnel with different areas of expertise working together for students Often partnerships are formed in non- traditional ways. Bilingual paraprofessionals Interpreters

26. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Partnerships with Families and Communities Develop an atmosphere of trust and respect. Include family members as partners in the child’s education. Avoid using jargon to communicate with parents and family. Provide information early and often regarding future educational plans (such as preparation for the SAT or graduation requirements).

27. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 What measures can be taken to reduce the overrepresentation of culturally- and linguistically-diverse students in disability categories, and their underrepresentation in gifted education? Challenge Question