1. CHAPTER 1 ELECTRICAL CONTROLLER EQUIPMENT
BY: Salsabila Ahmad

2. ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT BASIC
4 ELECTRICAL BASICS
POWER SUPPLY
INPUT DEVICE
Input Controller Equipment
CONDUCTOR
OUTPUT DEVICE
Output Controller Equipment

3. POWER SUPPLY Definition:
A device which supplies energy needed to create an electrical current

4. INPUT DEVICE Mechanical input device Solid state proximity device
DEFINITION
2 TYPES OF INPUT DEVICE
Mechanical input device
Solid state proximity device
ELECTRICAL SWITCHING
Basic Principle of Electrical Switching
Types of Contacts
How do These Contacts Work?

5. DEFINITION:
A device which allows/ controls the flow of current in a circuit
These devices are known as
“ELECTRICAL CONTROLLER EQUIPMENTS”
Provides Electrical Switching

6. MECHANICAL INPUT DEVICES
Definition:
An input device with a mechanical contact

7. SOLID STATE PROXIMITY DEVICES
Definition:
An electronic input device which needs power to be able to operate
EG Various types of sensors

8. EXAMPLE OF MECHANICAL INPUT DEVICES
Contact Relay
Push button
Limit Switch
Selector Switch
Toggle Switch
Temperature Switch
Pressure Switch
Solenoid Switch
Induction Motor Controller

9. PROXIMITY SENSORS CATEGORY
Proximity sensors inductive
capacitive dielectric type
conductive type
ultrasonic
optical diffuse reflective type
retro reflective type
thru beam
fiber optic sensor
color mark sensor
encoder sensor

10. RELAY
2 TYPES OF RELAY:
EMR
SSR

11. ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY (EMR)
Definition:
An EMR is an electromagnetic device composed of a frame/core, electromagnet coil and contacts (move and fixed)
Based on simple electromagnetic principle

12. SOLID STATE RELAY (SSR)
HOW IT OPERATES?
Operates similarly to EMR, but with no mechanical contact.
Employ semiconductor switching elements such as thryristors, triacs, diodes and transistors.

13. Employ optical semiconductors called photo couplers to isolate input and output signals.
Photo couplers change electrical to optical signals and relay the signal through space.

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMR AND SSR
slow speed
wears out easily
Noisy
Cheap
high speed, high frequency for switching operations
no failure due to wear out, since no mechanical contacts
little noise
Expensive

15. RELAY SYMBOLS
Most common relay symbols used in electrical machine diagram
Normally open (NO)
Normally close (NC)
Coil

16. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL SWITCHING
A situation of breaking and open an electrical circuit
Or to direct current from one conductor to another.

17. The PLC is the solution to today’s electrical switching requirements
where it is able to solve complex switching requirements.

18. 2 TYPES OF CONTACT NO NC

19. HOW DO THESE CONTACTS WORK?
Once coil is energized, the contact will change state
NO  NC
NC  NO

20. Use concept of magnetic flux for armature/plunger to move
SOLENOID SWITCH
Use concept of magnetic flux for armature/plunger to move
Produces linear mechanical motion

21. PUSH BUTTON DEFINITION pushbutton-type operator
Have one set or more contact/spring
Mostly have a set of normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) contact

22. CONCEPTS OF OPERATION
Pushing the operator causes the contacts to change state
Spring causes switch operator to automatically return to it’s natural state when it is released.

23. a switch with this return spring action, is called a momentary switch.
NO  NC  NO
NC  NO  NC
natural state change state automatic return
a switch with this return spring action, is called a momentary switch.

24. APPLICATIONS
Frequently used in industrial applications to control functions such as
starting
and stopping
the machine’s operation
With a safety nature. Why?

25. SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS FOR PUSH BUTTON
Normally Open Contact
Normally Closed Contact

26. SELECTOR SWITCH
Similarly to pushbutton, but instead of pushing, you rotate a knob
may be designed to stay in a selected position or may have a momentary action
selector switch that stays in a certain position is called a maintained switch.

27. APPLICATION Widely used in industrial applications
for switching mode of operation
to turn the main power on and off
to select between AC or DC output.
Some requires key (authorized person) to turn on for safety reason.

28. SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS FOR SELECTOR SWITCH
Normally open contact
Normally close contact
Selector switch with two contacts

29. TOGGLE SWITCH
Toggle switch is a maintained switch

30. INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROLLER
Commonly used micro-controllers

31. PROXIMITY SENSORS

32. INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR
Sense only metallic objects
e.g. steel, iron, aluminum, tin, copper etc
Has limited sensing range
range affected by the type of metal sense

33. CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR
sense all material with mass.
operation for both dielectric and conductive type are the same
The dielectric type works best for high density material
Low density material (e.g. paper, foam etc) do not cause a detectable change in dielectric.

34. The conductive type works best on electrically conductive material
e.g. metal or water-based material)

35. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Use ultrasonic technology
How does it works?

36. CONCEPTS OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Use an ultrasonic “ping” sent from sensor to target
Sensing area is a funnel shape area
Therefore, target must be located directly in front of sensor

37. When echo is returned, sensor detects target by measuring time delay between transmitted ping and returned echo
sensor calculate distance between sensor and target

38. Do not work well on cloth, foam rubber
since good absorber of sound waves
Works best on high density material
where sound waves reflects best

39. DIFFUSE REFLECTIVE Emitter and receiver located in same housing
Light emitted is received when the object is present
Works well on glossy target but not transparent

40. RETRO-REFLECTIVE Emitter and receiver located in same housing.
reflector
Emitter and receiver located in same housing.
Light emitted is received when the object is absent.
Does not work well with glossy target. Why?
Because glossy target acts like a reflector

41. THRU-BEAM Emitter and receiver is located in different housing
Sense the object’s present when it passes through between emitter and receiver
where it stops the light from hitting receiver

42. FIBER OPTIC Use plastic and glass fibers to carry lights
Thru-beam
object
Reflector
Use plastic and glass fibers to carry lights
Available in both thru beam and reflective

43. COLOR MARK
A special type of diffuse reflective optical sensor that can
differentiate between colors
some can detect contrast between colors.
Typically used to check labels and sort packages by color mark.

44. ENCODER Used for position feedback and some for velocity feedback
Two main types
Incremental
absolute

45. CONDUCTOR Definition:
A medium that connects all the components and allows current to flow.
Examples:
copper wire
bread board

46. OUTPUT DEVICE DEFINITION
A component that will produce a desired output.
It is also referred to as a load.

47. COIL Motor Light Pump Counter Timer Relay
Can represents various forms of output including
Motor
Light
Pump
Counter
Timer
Relay

48. TIMER
most common symbol for displaying timer function is in block diagram
uses a box shape to display the timer function
Sometimes, timer is displayed in coil format symbol

49. CHARACTERISTICS OF TIMER
Timers typically have one or two input
Timer with one input has functions as a timer enable input. When input ‘high’, the timer begins timing

50. A timer with 2 inputs has additional functions which is used to reset the timer accumulated time to zero when the second input is ‘high’
Every timer has a time base
Typically; 1 sec, 0.1 sec and 0.01sec.

51. HOW TIMERS ARE IDENTIFIED?
Each timer will have number to identify it
There are two parameters for timer
timer number
Used to identify timer e.g. Timer 0, Timer 2.
Preset value
Is the delay time set for the timer

52. TIMER’S PROGRAM
There are still many similarities in the way the timers are programmed
even when PLC are different brand
Let say the time base of a timer is 0.1 second

53. Therefore, if a programmer entered 50 for the number of delay increments
What is the timer’s delay?
the timer would have a 5-second delay.
50 x 0.1 sec = 5 sec

54. TMR Has one input Timer enabled if the input logic is ON
Timer reset if the input logic is OFF
Maximum value 9999
TMR
TIMER0 T0
K40
INPUT

55. TMRA Has two inputs Timer starts timing when ENABLE is ON
Timer stops when ENABLE is OFF without resetting the current value to 0
ENABLE
TMRA
TIMER2 T2
K50
RESET

56. The timer resets when RESET is ON
The timer is enabled to start when RESET is OFF

57. What is it?
What is it characteristics?
How does it works?
Testing your understanding…..
Testing your imagination…..

58. COUNTER
used to capture and store number of occurrence

59. CHARACTERISTICS set to some preset number value
when this value of input pulses has been received, it will operate its contacts
Let say the counter is set for 10 pulses, then when 10 pulse impulses have been received, the counter contacts will close

60. When there is a input transition for X0 from OFF to ON, counter starts counting
When the RESET is ON, the counter resets to 0

61. COUNTER PROGRAM
X0=sensor/ toggle switch
INPUT
CNT
COUNTER0
CT0 K5 X1
RESET
CT0
OUT1
Counter starts counting when there is an input transition
X0 from OFF to ON
When the RESET is ON
the counter resets to 0

62. MOTOR In PLC, motor can only be controlled for power (ON/OFF)
direction (CCW/CW)
preset speed

63. TYPES OF MOTOR DC motor type wound field permanent magnet
electronics commutation dc motors
AC motor type induction motors
synchronous motor