1. break-even Aim: To produce a break-even graph Objectives: Recap fixed and variable costs Draw up a break-even chart Analyse and interpret a break-even chart

2. Start-up costs Running Costs New building New machines Advertising New vehicles Utilities (Electricity / Gas / Water / Telephone / Internet) Repairs Wages Installing Utilities

3. Gary Gardener Gary needs to draw up a break even chart. A break even chart shows how much Gary needs to sell in order to make a profit. Gary is thinking of selling Christmas trees in the first three weeks of December, to boost his income. There is a plot of land in the town centre, which he thinks would be better than an out-of-town site. Why? He is likely to get more customers in the town centre The rent for the town centre plot of land is £1000 for 3 weeks in December

4. Gary Gardener extra Info Gary can buy trees for an average price of £15 and sell them for £20. In addition, he will have to hire a truck to collect the trees and to operate his free delivery service. The truck service is £200 for the 3 weeks. Variable costsFixed Costs Trees - £15 Renting the land at £1000 Hiring the truck £200 Gary will have to pay for these regardless of how many trees he sells. They are not dependant on number of trees sold, therefore they are fixed costs.

5. Gary’s worries Gary’s major concern is whether he will make a profit. If he doesn’t sell a single tree he will be out of packet by: £1,200 £1,215 £1,000 £0 TRY AGAIN WELL DONE You now have all the information required for a break even chart a) b) c) d)

6. 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Costs/revenues (£) 0100200300400500 Stage 1 The Horizontal scale, he needs to decide what is the highest number of trees he is likely to sell. Gary estimates this to be 500. The vertical scale shows the maximum amount of money likely to be received. In this case, it is the maximum number of trees likely to be sold multiplied by the selling price: 500 X £20 = £10,000 Quantity sold

7. Stage 2 Gary needs to draw three lines on his chart. The first will represent his fixed costs. Where would this line be? It is a horizontal line starting at £1,200. It is a straight horizontal line because fixed costs never change, no matter what the sales are 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Costs/revenues (£) 0100200300400500 Quantity sold Fixed cost

8. Variable costs? Variable costsFixed Costs £15 / treeHiring the truck £200 Renting the land £1000 If Gary sold 1 tree, his variable cost would be £15 If Gary sold 3 trees, his variable cost would be £45

9. Stage 3 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Costs/revenues (£) 0100200300400500 Quantity sold The variable costs are on top of his fixed costs. Gary must start this line at the point where the fixed cost line starts Fixed cost Total cost Variable costs

10. Stage 4 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Costs/revenues (£) 0100200300400500 Quantity sold Fixed cost Total cost Gary’s third line represents his income from sales. If Gary sells no trees, he will receive no income. If Gary sells 500 trees, his total revenue would be 500 X £20 = £10,000 Where would this line be? Sales revenue Variable costs

11. Stage 4 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Costs/revenues (£) 0100200300400500 Quantity sold Fixed cost Total cost Sales revenue Variable costs The position on the chart where the revenue line crosses the total cost line is the break even point. Gary now draws a vertical line down and a horizontal line across. How many trees does Gary have to sell in order to break even?

12. Using a formula to calculate break even Fixed costs (Selling price per unit minus variable cost per unit )

13. What have we learnt? What a break even chart shows What costs are associated with a break even chart How to make a break even chart Analysing and interpreting a break even chart And......................

14. Advantage or Disadvantage Managers can see what the expected profit / loss will be The B.E graph can show the impact on profit / loss if quantity sold increased or selling price increased. The B.E graph can also shows the safety of margin B.E graphs assume all goods will be sold The B.E point will show a firm when it could start to make a profit, which will be an important target for new businesses The B.E graph is a graphical image which might be easier to understand than a table of figures.

15. Cryptogram the breakeven point shows the level of sales for a firm where the total cost of those sales is equal to the total revenue

16. Internet games http://www.businessstudiesonline.co.uk/liv e/index.php?option=com_content&view=ar ticle&id=35&Itemid=23http://www.businessstudiesonline.co.uk/liv e/index.php?option=com_content&view=ar ticle&id=35&Itemid=23

17. Activity 6.4 pg 95

18. Exam Q