1. Chapter 8: Arrays Introduction to arrays Declaring arrays Initializing arrays Examples using arrays Relationship with pointers Array passing to a function Simple sorting: bubble sort Simple searching: linear sort 2-dimensional array

2. Introduction to Arrays An array is a group of memory locations related by the fact that they all have the same name and the same type. To refer to a particular location or element in the array, we specify the name of the array and the position number of the particular element in the array. The size of an array is static (fixed) throughout program execution.

3. Let say we have an array called a. -10 99 -8 100 27 10 1976 -2020 1 a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6] a[7] a[8] Name of the array Position number of the element within the array The position number within the square brackets is formally called a subscript. A subscript can be an integer or an integer expression. For example if x = 1 and y = 2, then a[x+y] is equal to a[3]. Notice that the position starts from 0.

4. Declaring Arrays Array declaration is made by specifying the data type and the number of space so that the computer may reserve the appropriate amount of memory. General syntax: data_type array_name[size] Examples: –int my_array[100]; –char name[20]; –double bigval[5*200]; –int a[27], b[10], c[76];

5. Initializing Arrays There are 2 ways to initialize an array: during compilation and during execution. During compilation: –arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; We can define however many elements that we want since the array size is not given. –arr[3] = {90, 21, 22}; We can define only 3 elements since the array size is already given. During execution: int arr[3], j; for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) arr[j] = 0;

6. Examples Using Arrays #include #define SIZE 5 void main(void) { int temp[SIZE], i; for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) temp[i] = i*9; printf(“%s %13s\n”, “Element”, “Value”); for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) printf(“%7d%13d\n”, i, temp[i]); } Output: ElementValue0 19 218 327 436 In the example above, an array with the name temp and size 5 has been declared. The elements in the array has been given the value position*9. The first for loop is equivalent to this: temp[0] = 0*9, temp[1] = 1*9, temp[2] = 2*9, temp[3] = 3*9, temp[4] = 4*9

7. #include #define SIZE 10 void main(void) { int i = 0, list[SIZE] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, total = 0; for (; i < SIZE; i++) { total += list[i]; } printf(“Total of array element values is %d\n”, total); } Output: Total of array element values is 45

8. Relationship with Pointers The name of an array is actually a pointer to the first element in the array. Therefore, if we have: int test[3] = {9, 10, 11}; printf(“%d”, *test); The output would be: 9 There are a few ways to traverse an array: int test[3] = {9, 10, 11}, k; for (k = 0; k < 3; k++) printf(“%d\n”, test[k]); int test[3] = {9, 10, 11}, k; int *ptr = test; for (k = 0; k < 3; k++, ptr++) printf(“%d\n”, *ptr);

9. Array Passing to a Function A function that is going to receive an array as one of the arguments can be declared in 2 ways: void Process(char name[]) OR void Process(char *name) When we pass an array to a function, we are actually passing the pointer to the first element in the array to the function. Therefore, any changes to the array inside the function will also change the actual array. Either the array is passed using [] or using *, the array can be accessed in the same way.

10. #include #define SIZE 10 void Read(int []); int CountAvg(int *); void main(void) { int grades[SIZE]; Read(grades); printf(“The average of the grades given is %d\n”, CountAvg(grades)); } void Read(int grades[]) { int i, temp; for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) { printf(“Enter grade %d\n”, i); scanf(“%d”, temp) grades[i] = temp; } int CountAvg(int *grades) { int i, total; for (i = 0, total = 0; i < SIZE; i++) total += grades[i]; return (total/SIZE); }

11. The Read() and CountAvg() functions can also be written this way: void Read(int grades[]) { int i, temp; int *ptr = grades; for (i = 0; i < SIZE; i++, ptr++) { printf(“Enter grade %d\n”, i); scanf(“%d”, temp) *ptr = temp; } int CountAvg(int *grades) { int i, total; int *ptr = grades; for (i = 0, total = 0; i < SIZE; i++, ptr++) total += *ptr; return (total/SIZE); }

12. Simple Sorting Sorting is the process of placing data into a particular order such as ascending or descending. There are many sorting algorithms that are usually used. Among them are bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort and shell sort. Here, we will discuss how bubble sort can be used to sort the elements in an array.

13. Bubble Sort We are given a list of 5 numbers: int list[] = {34, 53, 21, 23, 4}; Sort the numbers in an ascending order using bubble sort. Pass 1: 34 53 21 23 4 Do not swap Swap

14. 34 21 53 23 4 34 21 23 53 4 34 21 23 4 53 Pass 2: Swap

15. 34 21 23 4 53 Pass 3: 34 21 4 23 53 Do not swap Swap

16. 34 21 4 23 53 Pass 4: 34 4 21 23 53 Final result: 4 34 21 23 53 Swap

17. Let us look at the C code: void main(void) { int list[] = {34, 53, 21, 23, 4}; BubbleSort(list); } void BubbleSort (int list[]) { int i, j, temp, swapped = 1; for (i = 0; i < 5 && swapped == 1; i++) { swapped = 0; for (j = 0; j < (5-i); j++) { if (list[j] > list[j+1]) { // Swap temp = list[a]; list[a] = list[a+1]; list[a+1] = temp; swapped = 1; }

18. Simple Searching Searching is the process of determining whether an array contains a value that matches a certain key value. Same as in sort, there are more than one algorithms that can be used to do a search. Here, we will discuss how can we do a linear search on an array. Linear search is a simple searching algorithm where: –data are stored in an array –a key value is compared with each elements in the array starting from the first element

19. void main(void) { int list[] = {34, 53, 21, 23, 4}; int i, key_value, found = 0; printf(“Enter the number that you want to find: ”); scanf(“%d”, &key_value); for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) { if (list[i] == key_value) { found = 1; printf(“The number %d is found at location %d\n”, key_value, i); break; } if (found == 0) printf(“The number %d cannot be found in the list\n”, key_value); }

20. 2-Dimensional Array It is possible to create an array which has more than one dimension. For example: –2D array: int array[4][2]; –3D array: int array[4][2][10]; Graphical representation of a 2D array: int myarray[4][2] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}; 12 34 5 6 78 This array has 4 rows and 2 columns.

21. Variable initialization can also be done this way: – int myarray[4][2] = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}, {7, 8}}; This method is less confusing since we can see the rows and columns division more clearly. To initialize a 2D array during execution, we need to use a double loop: for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) { for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) myarray[i][j] = 0; } Although it is possible to create a multi- dimensional array, arrays above 2-dimensions are rarely used.

22. When a 2D (or higher dimensional) array is passed to a function, the size of the second (or subsequent) subscript needs to be specified. For example, if we have: int twoD[4][5]; Then a function which would take twoD as an argument should be declared like this: void Process2D(int td[][5]) An array is stored consecutively in memory regardless of the number of dimensions. Therefore, specifying the subscripts in the function parameter will help the compiler to know the boundary of the different dimensions.