1. The Nile Basin Initiative By: Rick Tuvilla and Julius Manalansan

2. Overview  Introduction  Socio-Economics  Conflicts  Nile Basin Initiative  Steps towards improved water use efficiency

3. Objectives  Understand the basics of hydrology and drainage basin Management  Understand the creation of the Nile Basin Initiative  Determine the steps taken to improve water efficiency in the Nile

4. Introduction  Terminology  Hydrology  The science dealing with the occurrence, circulation, distribution, and properties of the waters of the earth and its atmosphere  Drainage Basin  Area from which all precipitation flows to a single stream or set of streams  Where surface water from rain, melting snow, or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation

5. Nile River  6,850 km in length (4,149 km navigable)  Annual Flow: 84 billions cubic meters/year  Flows through many countries  Kenya, Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan and many more

6. Socio-Economics  40% of the population in Africa is located in the Nile Basin  Population distribution in the basin is dominated by a shift toward greater urbanization  Burundi, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda  Implications for water management  Consumes more water per capita  Domestic and Industrial use

7. Socio-Economics  Growth rates of gross domestic and gross national products are uneven  Higher per capita GDP  greater water demand  The relative growth influence future water demands  Increase industrial activity adversely impact water quality  If pollution control measures are not implemented, monitored, and enforced

8. Conflicts in the Niles  Ancient Egyptian Civilization  Wanted the whole Nile Valley under rule  Colonialism, 20 th century  Britain removed vegetation  Created alternative drainage paths to divert and improve flow  Negotiated with Ethiopia, France, Italy  Ethiopia  provide 80% of water  France and Italy  prevent intervention

9. 1929 Nile Water Agreement  Water allocation to support Egyptian planned developments on the river  Divided the Nile’s water  Between the two most downstream countries  Without consulting any of the other involved parties  Egypt with monopoly over resource, Sudan with 5% of river’s flow

10. 1959 Nile Water Agreement  Full utilization of the Nile water, 84 BCM  Egypt and Sudan  The DRC, the East African countries, and Ethiopia not consulted over the final terms  Water rights have not been explicitly mentioned

11. 1959 Nile Water Agreement (Cont.)  Invalidated the agreement  Requested renegotiation to take own interests into account  Ethiopia’s population nearly the size of Egypt  Egypt argues population growth to double by 2025  Access to volume of water is vital to support growing population

12. Ethiopia’s Downfall  Claimed that the country can sustain itself through rain fed agriculture  Successive drought-inducted famines in the last three decades  Ethiopia  One of the poorest countries in world  Food insecurity

13. Ethiopian Struggles  Poverty reduction and increased food security  Developing country’s vast arable land, requires more water  Egypt feels threatened by potential demands for more water  Construction of small dams using small amounts of river’s annual flow  Diplomatic influence in 1990’s to block an African Development Bank loan to Ethiopia

14. Taking a Step Forward  1998, all countries, except Eritrea, joined in a dialogue to create a regional partnership  Facilitate the common pursuit of sustainable development and management of the Nile’s waters  To create an enabling environment of cooperation, action and investments  With respect to management of the Nile’s waters

15. Nile Basin Initiative  Launched in 1999  Members include  Egypt, Kenya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and more  Three Departments  Water Resource Management Department  Strategic Planning & Management Department  Finance & Administration Department

16. Goals  Develop water resources  Ensure efficient water management  Ensure cooperation and joint action  Target poverty eradication and promote economic integration

17. Steps towards improved water use  Reduce the amount of wasted water  Not reducing amount of water used  Soil and land management  Farming practices  Soil and water conservation  Erosion

18. Example Projects  Eastern Nile Flood Preparedness and Early Warning Project  Eastern Nile Watershed Management Project  Efficient Water Use for Agriculture Production

19. Efficient Water Use for Agricultural Production  Education in watershed management  Establish Training centers for optimal land use  Develop irrigation management

20. Eastern Nile Flood Preparedness & Early Warning Project  Strengthened flood forecasting  Flood Embankment designs  Prevent loss of land  Risk Mapping  Indicates high risk areas

21. Flood Damage  Water Contamination  Damage to Crops  Soil loss  Loss of Livestock

22. Eastern Nile Watershed Management Project  Fodder trees and grasses  Separate crop for animal feed  Irrigation facilities  Use water more effectively  Trenches  Preventive measures and water storage  Improved planting materials  Efficient

23. Results  400 meters of riverbank stabilized  Rise in crop yield from 100%, 75%, 123%  Sorghum, Sesame, Phaseolus  Soil fertility, crop productivity, increased incomes

24. Other Projects  Education of Watershed Management  Reduced loss of topsoil  Increased crop yield  Better water quality  Reduced pollutants  Reduced silt load

25. Conclusion  Nile Basin Initiative  Rose awareness issues and challenges  Educated farmers on getting most of their land  Increased profit to farmers and countries

26. Simple References  http://www.nilebasin.org/index.php/about-us/the-river-nile http://www.nilebasin.org/index.php/about-us/the-river-nile  http://www.nilebasin.org/index.php/trending-topic/190-towards- improved-water-use-efficiency-in-the-nile-basin http://www.nilebasin.org/index.php/trending-topic/190-towards- improved-water-use-efficiency-in-the-nile-basin  http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/AFR/2 010/12/09/389D8859082DC1CD852577F4003A6C1F/1_0/Rendered/PDF /P1035180ISR0Di020920101291891087830.pdf http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/AFR/2 010/12/09/389D8859082DC1CD852577F4003A6C1F/1_0/Rendered/PDF /P1035180ISR0Di020920101291891087830.pdf  http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/AFR/2 014/12/23/090224b08294d38a/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Africa000Easte0Rep ort000Sequence009.pdf http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/AFR/2 014/12/23/090224b08294d38a/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Africa000Easte0Rep ort000Sequence009.pdf  http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/1094/2584/reports/efficient-water-use- for-agricultural-production-56p-232k.pdf http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/1094/2584/reports/efficient-water-use- for-agricultural-production-56p-232k.pdf