1.  starter activity Who would have been happy and who would have been annoyed by this photograph of a bustling market place in Russia in the summer of 1921?

2. How was the Bolshevik state consolidated? 1921-1924

3.  Your task What were the problems facing the Bolsheviks? What were the problems facing the Bolsheviks? Read Fiehn, p.103- and list the problems facing the Bolsheviks. Take notes under the following headings Read Fiehn, p.103- and list the problems facing the Bolsheviks. Take notes under the following headings Problems in the economy Problems in the economy Threat from peasants Threat from peasants Opposition from workers Opposition from workers Problems from Kronstadt Problems from Kronstadt Divisions in the party Divisions in the party

4.  Your task Create a Venn Diagram identifying differences and points in common between the NEP & War Communism Create a Venn Diagram identifying differences and points in common between the NEP & War Communism

5.  Your task Create a scales chart showing the successes and failures of the NEP. Create a scales chart showing the successes and failures of the NEP. SuccessesFailures

6. Successes Small businesses reopened, e.g. shops, restaurants Small businesses reopened, e.g. shops, restaurants Cereal production increased (20%, 1920-23) Cereal production increased (20%, 1920-23) Factory output increased (200%, 1920-23) Factory output increased (200%, 1920-23) NEPmen increased products available NEPmen increased products available Increased trade between villages of goods & produce Increased trade between villages of goods & produce Political interference remained weak Political interference remained weak International support: trade agreements (Germany, 1922; GB, 1924) International support: trade agreements (Germany, 1922; GB, 1924)

7. Failures Successes measured against low baseline (Civil War, War Communism) Successes measured against low baseline (Civil War, War Communism) Distributions systems remained chaotic Distributions systems remained chaotic NEPmen overly-important (controlled 3/4 retail trade) NEPmen overly-important (controlled 3/4 retail trade) Property speculation Property speculation Bribery Bribery Conspicuous show of wealth Conspicuous show of wealth Moral decadence: prostitution & gambling Moral decadence: prostitution & gambling Trotsky’s ‘Scissors crisis’ Trotsky’s ‘Scissors crisis’

8. Scissor Crisis Problem Problem Abundance of food, prices dropped, peasants unwilling to sell grain Abundance of food, prices dropped, peasants unwilling to sell grain Lack of manufactured goods, prices increased, not enough goods Lack of manufactured goods, prices increased, not enough goods Resolution Resolution Govt. capped industrial prices Govt. capped industrial prices Peasants paid tax in cash, not kind Peasants paid tax in cash, not kind

9.  Your task Read source 7.16 on p.110 and list the changes the author notes to Russian life during this period Read source 7.16 on p.110 and list the changes the author notes to Russian life during this period How reliable are Duranty’s observations on the NEP How reliable are Duranty’s observations on the NEP

10.  starter activity Cynics argue that the NEP was merely a carrot to disguise a stick approach to governing Russia. How could the NEP have been a carrot? What sort of stick would the Bolsheviks use to govern Russia more effectively?

11.  A conference on Bolshevik Russia You are going to become an expert for the day on political repression under the Bolsheviks. Look at p. 113 in your text book. Your teacher will give you a topic heading from the chart and you must take notes summarising the key points for that topic. You will then attend a conference on Bolshevik political repression, in which you share your expertise with other delegates. You must aim to complete your notes on all the other aspects of political repression through conversations with the other delegates at the conference. There will a prize for the delegate with the most detailed notes and the delegate who the class thinks is the best expert.

12. Censorship 1922 writers & scholars deported 1922 writers & scholars deported Pre-publication censorship introduced Pre-publication censorship introduced Main Administration for Affairs of Literature & Publishing Houses (Glavlit) estd. Main Administration for Affairs of Literature & Publishing Houses (Glavlit) estd.

13. GPU (Cheka) GPU (Main Political Administration) founded in 1992 GPU (Main Political Administration) founded in 1992 Arbitrary imprisonment & death penalty extended Arbitrary imprisonment & death penalty extended Nepmen focus for attacks Nepmen focus for attacks

14. Attacks on the Church Church a potential opponent Church a potential opponent 1921, Union of the Militant Godless estd. 1921, Union of the Militant Godless estd. 1922, churches stripped of wealth 1922, churches stripped of wealth Russian Orthodox Church leaders executed Russian Orthodox Church leaders executed 1000s priests imprisoned 1000s priests imprisoned

15. Crushing of peasants Harsh punishments for civil disturbances Harsh punishments for civil disturbances 1922, Tambov region ‘purged’ by Red Army 1922, Tambov region ‘purged’ by Red Army Loyalty rewards – salt, manufactured goods Loyalty rewards – salt, manufactured goods Propaganda campaign extolling benefits of NEP Propaganda campaign extolling benefits of NEP

16. Attacks on political rivals Mensheviks & Socialist Revolutionaries arrested for supporting strikes & civil disturbances Mensheviks & Socialist Revolutionaries arrested for supporting strikes & civil disturbances 1921, 5000 Mensheviks arrested for counter- revolutionary activities 1921, 5000 Mensheviks arrested for counter- revolutionary activities Mensheviks & SRs outlawed Mensheviks & SRs outlawed Show trials: 34 Socialist Revolutionaries condemned as terrorists; 11 executed Show trials: 34 Socialist Revolutionaries condemned as terrorists; 11 executed

17. Discussion Discussion Who provided a greater threat to the Bolsheviks: intellectuals & writers, Church leaders, peasant communities or political opponents? Who provided a greater threat to the Bolsheviks: intellectuals & writers, Church leaders, peasant communities or political opponents? Which method of repression would have the greatest success: censorship, the use of secret police, direct attacks, for example on individuals, sweeping attacks for example on communities? Which method of repression would have the greatest success: censorship, the use of secret police, direct attacks, for example on individuals, sweeping attacks for example on communities?