1. Effects of long term irrigation with reclaimed wastewater on the efficacy and fate of ALS inhibiting herbicides Gal Dvorkin, M Manor, M Sibony, B Chefetz and B Rubin The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel

2. Na’an- double cropping irrigated with pivot - 2.8.2006 The field is irrigated with reclaimed wastewater (RWW) for the last 40 years introduction

3. Applied herbicides at Na’ad cotton field 2006 28.4.06 – Glyphosate 0.84 kg ae/ha 30.4.06 – Prometryn 1.5 kg/ha 21.5.06 – Trifloxysulfuron 11.25 g/ha 11.6.06 – Fluometuron 1.25 kg/ha 26.6.06 – Prometryn 1.4 kg/ha 14.7.06 – Trifloxysulfuron 11.25 g/ha introduction

4. The main problems in Na’an field The trifloxysulfuron that was applied twice in the highest recommended dose, was not able to control the Amaranthus palmeri. Wheat that followed the cotton 4 months after the trifloxysulfuron application, was not damaged by residues that were supposed to remain in the soil. introduction

5. Hypothesis The long term irrigation with RWW have caused changes in the soil (OM and microorganisms), thus decreasing the persistence of ALS herbicides. The Amaranthus palmeri population developed resistance to trifloxysulfuron hypothesis

6. Research Objective To elucidate the effect of a long term irrigation with RWW on the behavior of ALS inhibiting herbicide trifloxysulfuron in the soil

7. Materials and Methods Field experiments were conducted at the problematic field, in 2007,2008 and 2009. Dose response curves to trifloxysulfuron in RWW irrigated soil and in fresh water (FW) irrigated soil Develop chemical analysis method to extract and estimate trifloxysulfuron residues from the soil.

8. The field experiments Herbicides were sprayed with a “backpack sprayer”, each plot 2 m wide and 12 m long Every 2 weeks soil samples were taken using soil driller Herbicide content in the soil samples was examined using Sorghum bicolor as test plant, and harvested 3 weeks later. Materials and methods

9. Results of field experiments

10. Results field experiment 2008 Pelmer amaranth on the day of post-em application - 16.6.08 Results

11. Trifloxysulfuron 11.25 g ha -1 - 15.7.08 Results

12. 0 Trifloxy 11.25 Control 27 Trifloxy 11.25 150 mm 14 day Control Trifloxy 11.25 70 mm Control 40 Trifloxy 11.25 178 mm 54 Control Trifloxy 11.25 460 mm Results Bioassay of soil samples

13. Results bioassay 0-15 cm depth B AB A A A A A Results

14. Lab experiments

15. Comparing the effect of trifloxysulfuron in RWW soil and FW irrigated soil RWW irrigated soil was collected from Na’an field, and FW irrigated soil was collected from near by field. Both soils were air dried, sieved (5 mm), and were put in 7*7*7 (cm) plastic pots. The pots were planted with wheat, and sprayed with trifloxysulfuron and irrigated with FW. After 3 weeks in the screen house, Plant harvested and shoot fresh wt was recorded Materials and methods

16. Soil properties RWW irrigated soil FW irrigated soil pH7.77.4 Clay %42% Sand %39%43% Silt %19%15%

17. RWW soil- Trifloxysulfuron FW soil- Trifloxysulfuron control 1.9 g ai/ha3.8 g ai/ha 7.5 g ai/ha15 g ai/ha 30 g ai/ha 1.9 g ai/ha3.8 g ai/ha 7.5 g ai/ha15 g ai/ha 30 g ai/ha Results

19. RWW soil-trifloxysulfuron Fresh water soil- trifloxysulfuron control 1.9 g ai/ha3.8 g ai/ha7.5 g ai/ha15 g ai/ha 30 g ai/ha Results

21. Chemical analysis of Trifloxysulfuron in the soil Soil samples were collected from the field experiment in Na’an. The samples were extracted and filtered. Extracts were injected to LC/MS and a method for identifying trifloxysulfuron residues in the soil was developed.

22. Preliminary results Results

23. Conclusions Trifloxysulfuron dissipates faster in RWW soil compare to FW soil. Enhanced dissipation of trifloxysulfuron under field conditions is evident. More experiments are required in order to determine the factors involved in the faster dissipation of trifloxysulfuron in the soil

24. Acknowledgments Prof. Tom Mueller, University of Tennessee. Weed lab group: Coby Goldwasser, Hadas Rozenberg, Or Levy, Maor Mazraffi, Ella Cohen Alon Vallch and Tal Naamat. Soil & Water lab- Michal Shechter, Ziva Hochman, Daniela Harush, Yaniv Olshansky and Shay Eldad.

25. Thank you very much for listening

26. Questions?